Terms : Hide Images
| 2534077 | mesophyll | the tissue interior of the leaf | |
| 2534078 | stomata | microscopic pores in leaves | |
| 2534079 | stroma | dense fluid within chloroplasts | |
| 2534080 | thylakoids | membranous sacks within chloroplasts | |
| 2534081 | grana | stacks of thylakoids | |
| 2534082 | the formula for photosynthesis is | 6CO2 + 6H2O + light energy = C6H12O6 + 6O2 | |
| 2534083 | the oxygen given off is derived from ____ | water | |
| 2534084 | does photosynthesis require energy? | yes (provided by light) | |
| 2534085 | the 2 stages of photosynthesis | and calvin cycle | |
| 2534086 | in light reactions, light absorbed by chlorophyll drives a transfer of __ and ____ from ___ to _____ | electrons, hydrogen, water, NADP+ | |
| 2534087 | light or dark reactions give off oxygen as a byproduct | light | |
| 2534088 | the light reactions use _____ to reduce NADP+ to ____ by adding ____ | solar power, NADPH, a pair of electrons along with H+ | |
| 2534089 | the light reactions also generate ___, using ____ to power photophosphorylation | ATP, chemiosmosis | |
| 2534090 | photophosphorelation | addition of phosphate group to ADP | |
| 2534091 | light energy is initally converted to chemical energy in the form of ____ and ____ | NADPH, ATP | |
| 2534092 | light reactions produce no ____ | sugar | |
| 2534093 | the Calvin cycle begins | by incorporating carbon into organic compounds - carbon fixation | |
| 2534094 | carbon fixation | the incorporation of carbon into organic compounds | |
| 2534095 | the calvin cycle reduces its fixed carbon to ____ by addition of ___ | carbohydrate, electrons | |
| 2534096 | the reducing power within the Calvin cycle is provided by | NADPH | |
| 2534097 | to convert CO2 to carbohydrate, ___ produced by light reactions is needed | ATP | |
| 2534098 | light reactions occur in the ______ and calvin cycle in _____ | thylakoids, stroma | |
| 2534099 | the _____ the wavelength, the greater the energy | shorter | |
| 2534100 | spectrophometer | machine to measure the ability of a pigment to absorb light | |
| 2534101 | chlorophyll a | works best with violet blue and red (blue-green) | |
| 2534102 | action spectrum | the effectiveness of driving the action | |
| 2534103 | chlorophyll b | yellow-green | |
| 2534104 | carotenoids | hydrocarbons of yellow and orange; function as photoprotection: absorb and dissipate excessive light energy | |
| 2534105 | a pigment can only absorb photons with energy | that equals the energy difference between the ground state and the excited state | |
| 2534106 | photosystem | composed of a reaction center surrounded by a number of light-harvesting complexes | |
| 2534107 | light-harvesting complex | consists of pigment molecules bound to particular proteins | |
| 2534108 | reaction center | protein complex that includes 2 special chlorophyll a molecules and a molecule called primary electron acceptor | |
| 2534109 | the chlorophyll a molecules within the reaction center are special because | their location enables them to use the energy from light to boost one of their electrons to higher energy level | |
| 2534110 | the 1st step of light reaction is | the solar-powered transfer of an electron fro ma special chlorophyll a molecule to the primary electron acceptor | |
| 2534111 | there is a ____ reaction within a photosystem | redox | |
| 2534112 | photosystems I and II are in | the thylakoid membrane | |
| 2534113 | each photosystem I or II has a characteristic reaction center | a particular kind of primary electron acceptor next to a pair of special chlorophyll a | |
| 2534114 | noncyclic electron flow | the predominant route of electrons through photosystems I and II | |
| 2534115 | cyclic electron flow | a way of transporting electrons through photosystem I but not II | |
| 2534496 | cyclic electron flow produces | ATP (no NADPH, unlike non cyclic) | |
| 2534497 | chloroplasts generate ATP by | chemiosmosis | |
| 2534498 | the chloroplast's system for chemiosmosis is _____ to mitochondria because | similar, ATP synthase complexes similar, electron carriers similar | |
| 2534499 | chemiosmosis in chloroplasts is different from mitochondria in that | chloroplasts do not need food to drive the reaction, and spacial organization | |
| 2534500 | the _______ ______ of the chloroplasts is the H+ reservoir | thylakoid membrane | |
| 2534501 | the pH gradient across the membrane is | substantial | |
| 2534502 | light reactions, summarized: | noncyclic electron flow pushes electrons from water, where they are at a lowe state of potential energy, to NADPHS, where they are stored ast a high state of potential energy. The light driven electron current also generates ATP. Thus, the equipment of the thylakoid membrane converts light energy to chemical energy stored in NADPH and ATP. | |
| 2534503 | The Calvin cycle is _____ | anabolic (makes sugar) | |
| 2534504 | glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate (G3P) | the direct product of Calvin cycle (net synthesis comes from 3 CO2) | |
| 2534505 | RuBP | 5-carbon sugar that CO2 is attached to when it enters Calvin cycle | |
| 2534506 | rubisco | enzyme that catalyzes the 1st step of the Calvin cycle | |
| 2534507 | G3P | a 3 carbon sugar; for each CO2 are formed in the Calvin cycle; 1 leaves to be used in the cell, 5 are use for regeneration of RuBP | |
| 2534508 | ___ RuBP are made from ___ of G3P in 1 calvin cycle | 3, 5 | |
| 2534509 | the net synthesis of 1 G3P molecule requires: | 9 ATPs, 6 NADPH | |
| 2534510 | The G3P that leaves the Calvin cycle is used for | starting material for metabolic pathways that synthesize other organic compounds | |
| 2534511 | transpiration | the evaporative loss of water from plants | |
| 2534512 | photorespiration | favored on a hot day when their stomata is closed to prevent transpiration, but also doesn't allow CO2 to get in | |
| 2534513 | C3 plants | plants in which the initial fixation of carbon occurs via rubisco | |
| 2534514 | C3 plants' rubisco can bind to ___ instead of CO2 | oxygen | |
| 2534515 | photorespiration generates ___ ATP | no (it consumes it) | |
| 2534516 | photorespiration drains away as much as ___% of carbon fixed by Calvin cycle | 50 | |
| 2534517 | C4 plants | plants that preface the Calvin cycle with alternate mode of carbon fixation that forms a 4-carbon compound | |
| 2534518 | C4 plants have 2 types of photosynthetic cells: | bundle-sheath and mesophyll | |
| 2534519 | bundle-sheath cells | tightly packed sheaths around the vein of the leaf within a C4 plant | |
| 2534520 | mesophyll cells | more loosely arranged cells between the bundle sheath and leaf surface cells (C4) | |
| 2534521 | in the C4 plants, the calvin cycle is confined to the _____ | bundle sheath (but the cycle is preceded by incorporation into organic compounds into the mesophyll) | |
| 2534522 | PEP carboxylase | enzyme that aides in carrying out the C4 pathway within the mesophyll cells; it has no affinity for O2 | |
| 2534523 | CAM plants | ones that open their stomata during the night | |
| 2534524 | the mesophyll cells of CAM plants store ______ they make during the night | organic acids | |
| 2534525 | the difference between CAM plants and C4 plants is | in CAM plants, the carbon fixation and Calvin cycle takes place within the same cell but at different times, while in C4 plants, they places where the two events take place are structurally separated |
