AP Bio Sherrill - Chap 43 Immune System
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| 648150803 | immune system | a system that protects the body from foreign substances and pathogenic organisms by producing the immune response. split into the innate and acquired(adaptive) responses. | |
| 648150804 | innate immunity | General, non-specific protection to the body, including the skin (barrier), gastric acid, phagocytes, antimicrobial proteins | |
| 648150805 | adaptive immunity | immunity, resistance to a specific pathogen. Also called acquired immunity | |
| 648150806 | lysozyme | one of many antimicrobial proteins found in saliva and sweat and tears that destroys the cell walls of certain bacteria | |
| 648150807 | phagocytosis | process in which phagocytes engulf and digest microorganisms and cellular debris |  |
| 648150808 | humoral response | The branch of acquired immunity that involves the activation of B cells and that leads to the production of antibodies, which defend against bacteria and viruses in body fluids. | |
| 648150809 | internal defenses | when pathogens penetrate the physical and chemical barriers of the skin and mucous membranes, they encounter a second line of defense: internal antimicrobial substances, phagocytes, natural killer cells, inflammation and fever | |
| 648150810 | barrier defenses | skin; mucous membranes; secretions | |
| 648150811 | neutrophils | A type of white blood cell that engulfs invading microbes and contributes to the nonspecific defenses of the body against disease. | |
| 648150812 | macrophages | A type of WBC that destroy bacteria, cancer cells, and other foreign matter by phagocytosis |  |
| 648150813 | dendritic cells | Type of WBC that presents an MHC II-antigen complex after engulfing microbe to attract helper T-cells | |
| 648150814 | natural killer cells | Non-phagocytic WBCs that circulate in the blood. NK cells are important in innate immunity to viruses, bacteria, and cancerous cells. | |
| 648150815 | interferons | nonspecific antiviral proteins secreted by T cells | |
| 648150816 | complement system | A group of antimicrobial proteins that bind non-specifically to the surface proteins of foreign cells (such as bacteria), causing lysis (bursting) - part of the innate immunity. | |
| 648150817 | inflammatory response | nonspecific defense reaction to tissue damage caused by injury or infection |  |
| 648150818 | histamine | a regulating body substance released in excess during inflammatory response by mast cells | |
| 648150819 | mast cells | a vertebrate body cell that produces histamine and other molecules that trigger the inflammatory response | |
| 648150820 | cytokines | chemicals released by T helper cells that stimulate B cells to proliferate and differentiate into effector cells and memory B cells | |
| 648150821 | lymphocytes | the two types of white blood cells that are part of the body's immune system: B lymphocytes form in the bone marrow and release antibodies that fight bacterial infections; T lymphocytes form in the thymus and other lymphatic tissue and attack cancer cells, viruses, and foreign substances. |  |
| 648150822 | thymus | a ductless glandular organ at the base of the neck that produces lymphocytes and aids in producing immunity |  |
| 648150823 | T cells | lymphocyte cells that coordinates the immune system and attacks many infected cells as part of acquired immunity |  |
| 648150824 | B cells | lymphocyte cells manufactured in the bone marrow that create antibodies for isolating and destroying invading bacteria and viruses | |
| 648150825 | antigen | any substance (as a toxin or enzyme) that stimulates the production of antibodies |  |
| 648150826 | immunoglobulin | synonym for antibodies | |
| 648150827 | antibody | any of a large variety of proteins normally present in the body or produced in response to an antigen which it neutralizes, thus producing an immune response | |
| 648150828 | MHC molecule | A combination of antigen fragments from within the cell and normal cell surface proteins that are presented outside the cell so that infected cells can be recognized by T cells |  |
| 648150829 | antigen presentation | The process by which an MHC molecule binds to a fragment of an intracellular protein antigen and carries it to the cell surface, where it is displayed and can be recognized by a T cell | |
| 648150830 | clonal selection | The process by which an antigen selectively binds to and activates only those lymphocytes bearing receptors specific for the antigen. the selected lymphocytes proliferate and differentiate into a clone of effector cells and a clone of memory cells specific for the stimulating antigen. |  |
| 648150831 | effector cells | the activated T or B cells that actually carry out the body's responses to antigen stimulus in that moment | |
| 648150832 | memory cells | B lymphocytes that do not become plasma cells(effector cell) but remain dormant until reactivated by the same antigen. | |
| 648150833 | primary immune response | the initial immune response to an antigen, which appears after a lag of several days from the proliferation and differentiation of lymphocytes | |
| 648150834 | secondary immune response | The adaptive(acquired) immune response provoked by a second exposure to an antigen. It differs from the primary response by starting sooner and building more quickly. | |
| 648150835 | humoral immune response | an immune response (chiefly against bacterial invasion) that is mediated by B cells whose major job is to create antibodies | |
| 648150836 | cell-mediated immune response | The branch of acquired immunity that involves the activation of cytotoxic T cells, which defend against infected cells. | |
| 648150837 | helper T cell | T cell with CD4 receptor that recognizes MHCII-antigens on the surface of a virus-infected cell and secretes cytokines that stimulate B cells and cytotoxic T cells to differentiate and proliferate | |
| 648150838 | antigen-presenting cell | Specialized Cells(B cells, macrophages, and dendritic) that possess MHC II. They are able to digest infected cells and display bits of ingested antigen on their surface in order to activate T cells. See also "MHC" | |
| 648150839 | cytotoxic T cells | T cells that can kill other cells. Cytotoxic T cells are important in host defense against viruses and other pathogens, because they recognize and kill the infected cells. |  |
| 648150840 | plasma cells | Cells that develop from B cells and produce antibodies. Also called effector cells. | |
| 648150841 | active immunity | a form of acquired immunity in which the body produces its own antibodies against disease-causing antigens | |
| 648150842 | passive immunity | an non-permanent form of acquired immunity in which antibodies against a disease are acquired naturally (as through the placenta to an unborn child) or artificially (as by injection of antiserum) | |
| 648150843 | immunization | process by which resistance to an infectious disease is induced | |
| 648150844 | vaccination | an injection that produces a mild form of a disease in order to help build up an immunity to it | |
| 648150845 | autoimmune disease | any of a large group of diseases characterized by abnormal functioning of the immune system that causes your immune system to produce antibodies against your own tissues | |
| 648150846 | immunodeficiency | immunological disorder in which some part of the body's immune system is inadequate and resistance to infectious diseases is reduced | |
| 648150847 | AIDS | a syndrome caused by the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) that renders immune cells ineffective, permitting opportunistic infections, malignancies, and neurologic diseases to develop; transmitted sexually or through contaminated blood |
