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| 871941949 | evolution | descent with modification; the idea that living species are descendants of ancestral species that were different than present day ones; the change in genetic composition of a population from generation to generation | |
| 871941950 | biology | the scientific study of life | |
| 871941951 | emergent properties | new properties that arise with each step upward in the hierarchy of life, owing to the arrangement and interactions of parts as complexity increases | |
| 871941952 | reductionism | the reduction of complex systems to simpler components that are manageable in biology | |
| 871941953 | species | a population or group of populations whose members have the potential to interbreed in nature and produce viable, fertile offspring | |
| 871941954 | systems biology | an approach to studying biology that aims to model the dynamic behavior of whole biological systems | |
| 871941955 | eukaryotic cell | a type of cell with a membrane enclosed nucleus and membrane enclosed organelles | |
| 871941956 | prokaryotic cell | a type of cell lacking a membrane enclosed nucleus and membrane enclosed organelles | |
| 871941957 | DNA | a double stranded, helical nucleic acid molecule consisting of nucleotide monomers with a deoxyribose sugar and nitrogenous bases: A, T, G, and C; capable of replicating and determining the inherited structure of a cell's proteins | |
| 871941958 | genes | discrete units of hereditary information consisting of a specific nucleotide sequence in DNA | |
| 871941959 | bioinformatics | the use of computers, software, and mathematical models to process and integrate biological information from large data sets | |
| 871941960 | negative feedback | a primary mechanism of homeostasis, whereby a change in a physiological variable triggers a response that counteracts the original change | |
| 871941961 | positive feedback | a physiological control mechanism in which a change in a variable triggers mechanisms that amplify that change | |
| 871941962 | inquiry | the search for information and explanation, often focused by specific questions | |
| 871941963 | discovery science | the process of scientific inquiry that focuses on describing nature | |
| 871941964 | hypothesis-based science | the process of scientific inquiry that focuses on explaining nature | |
| 871941965 | data | recorded observations | |
| 871941966 | inductive reasoning | a type of logic in which generalizations are based on a large number of specific observations | |
| 871941967 | hypothesis | a tentative answer to a well-framed question, narrower in scope than a theory and subject to testing | |
| 871941968 | deductive reasoning | a type of logic in which specific results are predicted from a general premise | |
| 871941969 | controlled experiment | an experiment in which an experimental group is compared with a control group that varies only in the factor being tested | |
| 871941970 | theory | an explanation that is broad in scope, generates new hypotheses, and is supported by a large body of evidence | |
| 871941971 | models | representations of a theory or process | |
| 871941972 | technology | the application of scientific knowledge for a specific purpose, often involving industry or commerce but also including uses in basic research | |
| 871956154 | matter | anything that takes up space and has mass | |
| 871956155 | element | any substance that cannot be broken down to any other substance by chemical reactions | |
| 871956156 | compound | a substance consisting of two or more different elements combined in a fixed ratio | |
| 871956157 | trace elements | an element indispensable for life but required in extremely minute amounts | |
| 871956158 | atom | the smallest unit of matter that retains the properties of an element | |
| 871956159 | atomic nucleus | an atom's dense central core, containing protons and neutrons | |
| 871956160 | dalton | a measure of mass for atoms and subatomic particles | |
| 871956161 | atomic number | the number of protons in the nucleus of an atom | |
| 871956162 | mass number | the sum of the number of protons and neutrons in an atom's nucleus | |
| 871956163 | atomic mass | the total mass of an atom, which is the mass in grams of 1 mole of the atom | |
| 871956164 | isotopes | one of the several atomic forms of an element, each with the same number of protons but differing numbers of neutrons | |
| 871956165 | radioactive isotopes | an isotope that is unstable; the nucleus decays spontaneously, giving off particles and energy | |
| 871956166 | energy | the capacity to cause change, especially to do work | |
| 871956167 | potential energy | the energy that matter possesses as a result of its location or spatial arrangement | |
| 871956168 | electron shells | an energy level of electrons at a characteristic average distance from the nucleus of an atom | |
| 871956169 | valance electron | an electron in the outermost electron shell | |
| 871956170 | valance shell | the outermost energy shell of an atom, containing valence electrons involved in the chemical reactions of that atom | |
| 871956171 | orbital | the 3D space where an electron is found 90% of the time | |
| 871956172 | chemical bond | an attraction between two atoms, resulting from a sharing of outer-shell electrons or the presence of opposite charges on the atoms | |
| 871956173 | covalent bond | a type of strong chemical bond in which two atoms share one or more pairs of valence electrons | |
| 871956174 | molecule | two or more atoms held together by covalent bonds | |
| 871956175 | single bond | the sharing of a pair of valence electrons | |
| 871956176 | structural formula | a type of molecular notation in which constituent atoms are joined by lines representing covalent bonds | |
| 871956177 | molecular formula | a type of molecular notation representing the quantity of constituent atoms, but not the nature of the bonds that join them | |
| 871956178 | double bond | the sharing of two pairs of valence electrons by two atoms | |
| 871956179 | valence | the bonding capacity of a given atom | |
| 871956180 | electronegativity | the attraction of a given atom for the electrons of a covalent bond | |
| 871956181 | nonpolar covalent bond | a type of covalent bond in which electrons are shared equally between two atoms of similar electronegativity | |
| 871956182 | polar covalent bond | a covalent bond between atoms that differ in electronegativity; one side is slightly negatively charged and the other is slightly positive | |
| 871956183 | ion | an atom or group of atoms that has gained or lost one or more electrons, thus acquiring a charge | |
| 871956184 | anion | a negatively charged ion | |
| 871956185 | ionic bond | a chemical bond resulting from the attraction between oppositely charged ions | |
| 871956186 | ionic compound | a compound resulting from the formation of an ionic bond also called a salt | |
| 871956187 | hydrogen bond | a type of weak chemical bond that is formed when the slightly positive hydrogen atom of a polar covalent bond in one molecule is attracted to the slightly negative atom of another molecule | |
| 871956188 | Van der Waals interactions | weak attractions between molecules or parts of molecules that result from localized charge fluctuations | |
| 871956189 | chemical reactions | the making and breaking of chemical bonds, leading to changes in composition of matter | |
| 871956190 | reactant | a starting material in a chemical reaction | |
| 871956191 | product | a material resulting from a chemical reaction | |
| 871956192 | chemical equalibrium | In a chemical reaction, the state in which the rate of the forward reaction equals the rate of the reverse reaction, so that the relative concentrations of the reactants and products do not change with time | |
| 871956193 | cohesion | the bonding together of molecules; often by hydrogen bonds | |
| 871956194 | adhesion | the attraction between different kinds of molecules | |
| 871956195 | surface tension | a measure of how difficult it is to stretch or break the surface of the liquid | |
| 871956196 | kinetic energy | the energy associated with the relative motion of objects | |
| 871956197 | heat | the total amount of kinetic energy due to the random motion of atoms or molecules in a body of matter | |
| 871956198 | temperature | a measure of the intensity of heat in degrees, reflecting the average kinetic energy of molecules | |
| 871956199 | calorie | the amount of heat energy required to raise the temperature of 1 g of water by 1 degree C | |
| 871956200 | kilocalorie | the amount of heat energy required to raise the temperature of 1 kg of water by 1 degree C | |
| 871956201 | joule | a unit of energy | |
| 871956202 | specific heat | the amount of heat that must be absorbed or lost for 1 g of a substance to change its temperature by 1 degree C | |
| 871956203 | heat of vaporization | the quantity of heat a liquid must absorb for 1 g of it to be converted from the liquid to gaseous state | |
| 871956204 | evaporative cooling | the process by which the surface of an object becomes cooler during evaporation | |
| 871956205 | solution | a liquid that is a homogenous mixture of two or more substances | |
| 871956206 | solvent | the dissolving agent of a solution | |
| 871956207 | solute | a substance that is dissolved in a solution | |
| 871956208 | aqueous solution | a solution in which water is the solvent | |
| 871956209 | hydration shell | the sphere of water molecules around a dissolved ion | |
| 871956210 | hydrophilic | having a affinity for water | |
| 871956211 | hydrophobic | having an aversion to water | |
| 871956212 | colloid | a mixture made up of liquids and particles that remain suspended rather than dissolved in that liquid | |
| 871956213 | molecular mass | the sum of masses of all the atoms in a molecule | |
| 871956214 | mole | the number of grams of a substance that equals its molecular weight in daltons and contains Avogadro's number of molecules | |
| 871956215 | molarity | a common measure of solute concentration; number of moles of solute per solution | |
| 871956216 | hydrogen ion | a single proton with the charge of 1+ | |
| 871956217 | hydroxide ion | a water molecule that has lost a proton; OH- | |
| 871956218 | hydronium ion | a water molecule that has an extra hydrogen ion bound to it; H3O | |
| 871956219 | acid | a substance that increases the hydrogen ion concentration of a solution | |
| 871956220 | base | a substance that reduces the hydrogen ion concentration of a solution | |
| 871956221 | buffers | a substance that contains of acid and base forms in a solution and minimizes change in pH | |
| 871956222 | acid rain | rain, snow, or fog that is more acidic than pH 5.2 | |
| 871956223 | organic chemistry | the study of carbon compounds | |
| 871956224 | hydrocarbons | an organic molecule only consisting of carbon and hydrogen | |
| 871956225 | isomers | one of several compounds with the same molecular formulas but different structures and therefore different properties | |
| 871956226 | structural isomer | one of several compounds that have the same molecular formula but differ in the covalent arrangements of their atoms | |
| 871956227 | geometric isomer | one of several compounds that have the same molecular formula and covalent arrangements but differ in spatial arrangements due to inflexibility of covalent bonds | |
| 871956228 | enantiomer | one of two compounds that are mirror images of eachother | |
| 871956229 | functional group | a specific configuration of atoms commonly attached to the carbon skeletons in organic molecules | |
| 871956230 | ATP | adenosine triphosphate; an adenine- containing nucleoside triphosphate that releases free energy when its phosphate bonds are hydrolyzed. This energy is used to drive endergonic reactions in cells. | |
| 871956231 | macromolecules | A giant molecule formed by the joining of smaller molecules, usually by a condensation reaction. Polysaccharides , proteins, and nucleic acids are macromolecules. | |
| 871956232 | polymer | A long molecule consisting of many similar or identical monomers linked together | |
| 871956233 | monomers | The subunit that serves as the building block of a polymer. | |
| 871956234 | dehydration reaction | A chemical reaction in which two molecules covalently bond to each other with the removal of a water molecule | |
| 871956235 | enzymes | Macromolecules serving as catalysts, chemical agents that change the rate of a reaction without being consumed by the reaction | |
| 871956236 | hydrolysis | A chemical process that lyses, or splits, molecules by the functioning in disassembly of polymers to monomers | |
| 871956237 | carbohydrates | A sugar(monosaccharide) or one of its dimers(disaccharides) or polymers(polysaccharides) | |
| 871956238 | monosaccharides | The simplest carbohydrate, active alone or serving as a monomer for disaccharides and polysaccharides. Also known as simple sugars, monosaccharides have molecular formulas that are generally some multiple of CH2O | |
| 871956239 | disaccharide | A double sugar, consisting of two monosaccharides joined by a glycosidic linkage formed during dehydration synthesis | |
| 871956240 | glycosidic linkage | A covalent bond formed between two monosaccharides by a dehydration reaction | |
| 871956241 | polysaccharides | A polymer of many monosaccharides, formed by dehydration reactions | |
| 871956242 | starch | A strorage polysaccharide in plants, consisting entirely of glucose monomers joined by alpha glycosidic linkages | |
| 871956243 | glycogen | An extensively branched glucose storage polysaccharide found in the liver and muscle of animals; the animal equivalent of starch | |
| 871956244 | cellulose | A structured polysaccharide of plant cell walls, consisting of glucose monomers joined by beta glycosidic linkages | |
| 871956245 | chitin | A structural polysaccharide, consisting of amino sugar monomers, found in many fungal cell walls and in the exoskeletons of all arthropods | |
| 871956246 | lipids | One of a group of compounds, including fats, phospholipids, and steroids, that mix poorly, if at all, with water | |
| 871956247 | fat | A lipid consisting of three fatty acids liked together to one glycerol molecule; also called a triacylglycerol or triglyceride | |
| 871956248 | fatty acid | A long carbon chain usually 16 to 18 carbons in length with a carboxylic acid at one end | |
| 871956249 | triacylglycerol | three fatty acids linked to one glycerol molecule | |
| 871956250 | saturated fatty acid | A fatty acid where there are no double bonds between carbon atoms composing the chain and as many hydrogens are bonded to the carbon skeleton as possible | |
| 871956251 | unsaturated fatty acid | A fatty acid possessing one or more double bonds between the carbons in the hydrocarbon tail. Such binding reduces the number of hydrogen atoms attached to the carbon skeleton. | |
| 871956252 | trans fats | An unsaturated fat containing one or more trans double bonds | |
| 871956253 | phospholipids | A lipid made up of glycerol joined by two fatty acids and a phosphate group. The hydrocarbon chains of the fatty acids act as nonpolar, hydrophobic tails, while the rest of the molecule acts as a polar, hydrophilic head. | |
| 871956254 | steroids | A type of lipid characterized by a carbon skeleton consisting of four rings with various chemical groups attached | |
| 871956255 | cholesterol | A steroid that forms an essential component of animal cell membranes and acts as a precursor molecule for the synthesis if other biologically important steroids, such as hormones | |
| 871956256 | enzymes | Macromolecules serving as catalysts, chemical agents that change the rate of a reaction without being consumed by the reaction | |
| 871956257 | catalysts | A chemical agent that increases the rate of a reaction without being consumed by the reaction | |
| 871956258 | polypeptides | A polymer(chain) of many amino acids liked together by peptide bonds | |
| 871956259 | protein | A functional biological molecule consisting of one or more polypeptides folded and coiled into a specific three dimensional structure | |
| 871956260 | peptide bond | The covalent bond between the carboxyl group of one amino acid and the amino acid on another, formed by a dehydration reaction | |
| 871956261 | denaturation | A process where a protein unravels and loses its native shape which becomes biologically inactive or DNA separates into two strands. | |
| 871956262 | chaperonins | A protein molecule that assists in the proper folding of other proteins | |
| 871956263 | hydrophobic reaction | A type of weak chemical bond formed when molecules that do not mix with water coalesce to exclude water | |
| 871956264 | disulfide bridges | A strong covalent bond formed when the sulfur of one cysteine monomer bonds to the sulfur of another cysteine monomer | |
| 871956265 | x-ray crystallography | A technique that depends on the diffraction of an X- ray beam by the individual atoms of a crystallized molecule to study the 3D structure of the molecule | |
| 871956266 | nucleic acid | A polymer(polynucleotide) consisting of many nucleotide monomers; serves as a blueprint for proteins and, through the actions of proteins, for all cellular activities. | |
| 871956267 | RNA | ribonucleic acid; nucleic acid consisting of nucleotide monomers with a ribose sugar and the nitrogenous bases adenine, cytosine, guanine, and uracil; single stranded; functions in protein synthesis; gene regulation; genome of some viruses | |
| 871956268 | nucleotides | building block of a nucleic acid, consisting of a 5 carbon sugar covalently bonded to a nitrogenous base and a phosphate group | |
| 871956269 | pyrimidine | one of two types of nitrogenous bases found in nucleotides , characterized by a 6 membered ring. Ex. Cytosine, thymine, and uracil | |
| 871956270 | purine | one of two types of nitrogenous bases found in nucleotides characterized by a 6 membered ring fused to a five membered ring. Ex. Adenine and Guanine | |
| 871956271 | ribose | sugar component of RNA nucleotides | |
| 871956272 | deoxyribose | sugar component of DNA molecules having one fewer sugar than ribose, the sugar component of RNA molecules | |
| 871956273 | double helix | form of native DNA; referring to its two adjacent antiparallel polynucleotide strands wound around an imaginary axis into a spiral shape |
