Cell structure, organelles, membranes
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| 440978943 | Carbon | Element that is essential for building proteins, DNA, carbohydrates, and other living molecules. | 1 | |
| 440978944 | Organic chemistry | The study of compounds that contain carbon. | 2 | |
| 440978951 | Carbohydrates | Sugars and their polymers; macromolecules used as energy | 3 | |
| 440978958 | Lipids | Biological macromolecule that does not form polymers and has little or no affinity for water; ex. fats, phosopholipids, and steroids | 4 | |
| 440978959 | Fats | Lipids made of glycerol and fatty acids; function as insulation, energy storage, and protection of organs | 5 | |
| 440978961 | Saturated fats | Fats that have the maximum number of hydrogen atoms possible and no double bonds; also called saturated fats and solid at room temperature (animal fats) | 6 | |
| 440978962 | Unsaturated fats | Fats that have one or more double bonds; also called unsaturated fats and liquid at room temperature (fish and plant fats) | 7 | |
| 440978965 | Phospholipid | Two fatty acids and a phosphate group attached to a glycerol; assemble into a bilayer when in contact with water; the major component of most cell membranes | 8 | |
| 440978966 | Steroids | Lipids characterized by a carbon skeleton consisting of four fused rings | 9 | |
| 440978968 | Proteins | A biologically functional molecule that consists of one or more polypeptides; function in support, storage, transport, cellular communications, movement, and defense | 10 | |
| 440978969 | Enzymes | A type of protein that acts as a catalyst to speed up chemical reactions | 11 | |
| 440978973 | Primary structure | Describes the sequence of amino acids that makes up a protein | 12 | |
| 440978974 | Secondary structure | Describes the coils and folds in a polypeptide chain (b-pleated sheet and a-helix) | 13 | |
| 440978975 | Tertiary structure | Describes the interactions between functional groups in a polypeptide chain (hydrogen bonds, ionic bonds, van der Waals interactions) | 14 | |
| 440978976 | Quaternary structure | Describes the structure formed when two or more polypeptide chains join to form one protein | 15 | |
| 440978981 | Active transport | Moving substances across a membrane against their concentration gradient; requires energy | 16 | |
| 440978982 | Cell wall | Structure found only in plant cells made of cellulose; functions to protect the plant cell, maintain its shape, and prevent excessive uptake of water | 17 | |
| 440978984 | Chloroplasts | Organelles found in plants and algae that are the sites for photosynthesis; contain ribosomes and DNA | 18 | |
| 440978992 | Cytoskeleton | A network of fibers that organizes structures and activities in the cell. | 19 | |
| 440978993 | Diffusion | The tendency for molecules to spread out evenly into the available space; occurs down the concentration gradient without any energy expenditure | 20 | |
| 440978994 | Dynamic equilibrium | When as many molecules cross the membrane in one direction as another | 21 | |
| 440978995 | Endocytosis | When a cell takes in macromolecules, forming vesicles from the plasma membranes | 22 | |
| 440978996 | Endosymbiont Theory | Idea of how the first eukaryotic cells formed; (1) An early ancestor or eukaryotic cells engulfed a prokaryotic cell, which formed an endosymbiotic relationship with its host cell. (2) The two cells merged into a single organism, a eukaryotic cell with a mitochondrion. (3) A photosynthetic prokaryote was also engulfed, creating the chloroplasts found in photosynthetic organisms. | 23 | |
| 440978997 | Eukaryotic | Organisms that have cells that contain a nucleus and membrane-bound organelles. | 24 | |
| 440978998 | Exocytosis | When transport vesicles carry large molecules to the plasma membrane, fuse with it, and release their contents out of the cell | 25 | |
| 440978999 | Facilitated diffusion | When transport proteins speed the passive movement of molecules across the plasma membrane | 26 | |
| 440979001 | Golgi apparatus | Organelle that modifies proteins made by the RER, manufactures macromolecules, and sorts and packages materials into transport vesicles. | 27 | |
| 440979002 | Hydrophobic | Describes polar molecules that are water-fearing and easily dissolve through the lipid bilayer. | 28 | |
| 440979003 | Hypertonic solution | When the solute concentration is greater than that inside the cell; net water movment will be out of the cell | 29 | |
| 440979004 | Hypotonic solution | When the solute concentration is less than that inside the cell;net water movement will be into the cell | 30 | |
| 440979005 | Isotonic | When the solute concentration is the same inside and outside of a cell; no net water rmovement will occur | 31 | |
| 440979007 | Lysosome | Organelle that contains hydrolytic enzymes that digest macromolecules | 32 | |
| 440979009 | Mitochondria | Organelles that are the sites of cellular respiration, a process that uses oxygen to create ATP; contain ribosomes and DNA | 33 | |
| 440979011 | Nuclear envelope | Double-layered membrane that encloses the nucleus in eukaryotic cells. | 34 | |
| 440979012 | Nucleus | Central organelle of a eukaryotic cell that contains most of the cell╒s DNA. | 35 | |
| 440979013 | Nucleolus | Location within the nucleus where rRNA synthesis occurs. | 36 | |
| 440979014 | Osmosis | The diffusion of water across a selectively permeable membrane | 37 | |
| 440979015 | Passive transport | Type of biological transport that occurs without energy expenditure (ex. Diffusion, osmosis) | 38 | |
| 440979017 | Phagocytosis | Cellular eating; the process of a cell engulfing material, forming a food vacuole | 39 | |
| 440979018 | Pinocytosis | Cellular drinking; type of endocytosis that brings water into the cell | 40 | |
| 440979019 | Plasma membrane | A selective barrier that allows sufficient passage of oxygen, nutrients, and waste into and out of each cell comprised of a phospholipid and protein mosiac | 41 | |
| 440979020 | Prokaryotic | Organisms that have cells that do not contain a nucleus or membrane-bound organelles | 42 | |
| 440979022 | Ribosomes | Organelle responsible for protein synthesis that can be found in both prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells | 43 | |
| 440979023 | Rough Endoplasmic Reticulum | Organelle that secretes glycoproteins, distributes transport vesicles, and is the membrane factory for the cell; contains ribosomes on its surface | 44 | |
| 440979024 | Smooth Endoplasmic Reticulum | Organelle that synthesizes various types of lipids, metabolizes carbohydrates, detoxifies drugs and poisons, and stores calcium ions; does not contain ribosomes. | 45 | |
| 440979025 | Stroma | The internal fluid of a chloroplast | 46 | |
| 440979026 | Thylakoids | Membranous sacs that are part of the chloroplast | 47 | |
| 441770496 | Vacuole | cell organelle that stores materials such as water, salts, proteins, and carbohydrates | 48 | |
| 441773991 | Endomembrane system | a network of membranes inside and around a eukaryotic cell, related either through direct physical contact or by the transfer of membranous vesicles (incl. golgi, ER, cell membrane, lysosomes, nuclear membrane. etc...) | 49 | |
| 441791158 | Fluid Mosaic Model | The currently accepted model of cell membrane structure, which envisions the membrane as a mosaic of protein molecules drifting laterally in a fluid bilayer of phospholipids. | 50 | |
| 917622658 | Dehydration reaction | Chemical reaction that creates polymers from monomers, extracting water in the process | 51 | |
| 917622660 | Endomembrane system | Series of interconnected structures that transport materials throughout a eukaryotic cell (includes the ER, golgi, vessicles, etc...) | 52 | |
| 917622661 | Hydrolysis | Chemical reaction that uses water to cut polymers into monomers | 53 | |
| 917622662 | Monomer | Simple compound whose molecules can join together to form polymers | 54 | |
| 917622663 | Nucleic acids | Polymers that carry and transmit genetic information (DNA and RNA) | 55 | |
| 917622665 | Fluid mosaic model | Describes the structure of a cell membrane as being a collection of many different types of molecules that are constantly rearranging | 56 |
