Chapters 2-6
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| 15031785232 | elements in carbohydrates | C, H, O | 0 | |
| 15031785233 | the simplest carbohydrates are (simple sugars) | Monosaccharides | 1 | |
| 15031785234 | What link is between monomers? Carb | Glycosidic linkage | 2 | |
| 15031785235 | Carbohydrates general structure/shape | Hexagon | 3 | |
| 15031785236 | Monosaccharides provide ________ extracted from cellular respiration | Energy | 4 | |
| 15031785237 | Carbon skeletons serve as _________ for synthesis of other molecules | Raw material | 5 | |
| 15031785238 | Disaccharides are ___ monosaccharides joined by a glycosidic linkage | 2 | 6 | |
| 15031785239 | 2 examples of disaccharides | sucrose, lactose | 7 | |
| 15031785240 | 2 examples of monosaccharides | glucose and fructose | 8 | |
| 15031785241 | Polysaccharides are 100 +_________ joined by glycosidic linkages | Polymers | 9 | |
| 15031785242 | Starch | Polymer of alpha glucose that is stored in plants | 10 | |
| 15031785243 | Starch functions as | Stored energy because glucose represents cellular fuel | 11 | |
| 15031785244 | Glycogen | Stored in animals primarily liver and muscle cells | 12 | |
| 15031785245 | Glycogen functions as | Stored energy because hydrolysis of glycogen releases glucose | 13 | |
| 15031785246 | Cellulose | Polymer of beta glucose | 14 | |
| 15031785247 | Cellulose is a major component of | Cell wall in plants | 15 | |
| 15031785248 | Parallel cellulose molecules are held together in units called.. | Microfibrils | 16 | |
| 15031785249 | Can humans digest cellulose? | no - it passes through the digestive tract as fiber | 17 | |
| 15031785250 | Chitin | Found in the cell wall of fungi and used by Arthropods to build their exoskeleton | 18 | |
| 15031785251 | Elements in Lipids | C, H, O | 19 | |
| 15031785252 | 1 trait all lipids share | Hydrophobic (non-polar) | 20 | |
| 15031785253 | 1 glycerol and 3 fatty acids join together by what type of bond? | Ester linkage | 21 | |
| 15031785254 | Building blocks of lipids | 1 glycerol and 3 fatty acids | 22 | |
| 15031785255 | Saturated acids VS unsaturated | S: all single carbon bonds vs Un: 1 or more double carbon bonds | 23 | |
| 15031785256 | Major function of lipids | Long term energy storage | 24 | |
| 15031785257 | Phospholipids (add pic later) building blocks | 2 fatty acids 1 glycerol 1 phosphate group |  | 25 |
| 15031785258 | Major function of phospholipids | Make-up cell membrane | 26 | |
| 15031785259 | Steroids | Lipids characterized by a carbon skeleton consisting of 4 fused rings | 27 | |
| 15031785260 | Major functions of steroids | Major function: Cholesterol= component in cell membrane | 28 | |
| 15031785261 | Many steroids are produced from | Cholesterol | 29 | |
| 15031785262 | elements in proteins | CHON | 30 | |
| 15031785263 | Name of covalent bond between monomers | Peptide bond | 31 | |
| 15031785264 | 4 functions of proteins | Transport Storage Defense Structure | 32 | |
| 15031785265 | Primary protein | A proteins sequence of amino acids Determined by inherited genes Like the order of letters in a word |  | 33 |
| 15031785266 | Secondary protein | Fold or could as a result of hydrogen bonds between the backbone |  | 34 |
| 15031785267 | Possible structure: alpha helix | Delicate coil held by hydrogen bonds every 4th amino acid |  | 35 |
| 15031785268 | Possible structure: beta pleated sheet | 2 or more reigns of the polypeptide chain lying side by side and are connected by hydrogen bonds between parts of the two polypeptide backbones |  | 36 |
| 15031785269 | Tertiary structure | More folding and coiling resulting from interactions between side chain |  | 37 |
| 15031785270 | What interactions could contribute to tertiary structure? | Hydrophobic interactions Hydrogen bonds Disulfide bridges Ionic bonds | 38 | |
| 15031785271 | quaternary structure | Overall protein structure resulting from more than one of >2 polypeptides |  | 39 |
| 15031785272 | Examples of quaternary structures | 1. Fibrous ex. Collagen 2. Globular ex. Hemoglobin | 40 | |
| 15031785273 | Elements in nucleic acids | C, H, O, N, P | 41 | |
| 15031785274 | building blocks of nucleic acids are... | Nucleotides | 42 | |
| 15031785275 | What bond links the sugar of 1 nucleotide to the phosphate of the next? | Phosphodiester bond | 43 | |
| 15031785276 | What bond links complementary base pairs | Hydrogen bonds | 44 | |
| 15031785277 | Gene expression | The process of DNA directing the synthesis of RNA, which is then used to make proteins | 45 | |
| 15031785278 | What are nucelotides made up of? | A phosphate group, pentose sugar, and nitrogenous base | 46 | |
| 15031785279 | DNA full name | deoxyribonucleic acid | 47 | |
| 15031785280 | Nitrogenous bases are either... | Pyrimidines OR purines | 48 | |
| 15031785281 | DNA shape | double helix |  | 49 |
| 15031785282 | where is DNA stored? | nucleus | 50 | |
| 15031785283 | What is DNA's function? | store genetic information | 51 | |
| 15031785284 | 4 nitrogenous bases found in DNA | Adenine, Thymine, Cytosine, Guanine | 52 | |
| 15031785285 | The sugar found in DNA is called | deoxyribose | 53 | |
| 15031785286 | RNA full name | ribonucleic acid | 54 | |
| 15031785287 | RNA shape | single strand |  | 55 |
| 15031785288 | What is RNA made of? | A base and a uracil, a ribose sugar and phosphate | 56 | |
| 15031785289 | Sugar found in RNA | ribose | 57 | |
| 15031785290 | 4 nitrogenous bases found in RNA | adenine, cytosine, guanine, uracil | 58 | |
| 15031785291 | What is the function of RNA? | Carries protein blueprint from cells DNA to liposomes | 59 | |
| 15031785292 | Results of waters high heat of vaporization | Moderates earths climate Stabilizes temp in aquatic ecosystems Helps organisms from overheating Prevents lakes from drying up | 60 | |
| 15031785293 | What causes water to bead? | High surface tension | 61 | |
| 15031785294 | How do you break a hydrogen bond | Heat (energy) | 62 | |
| 15031785295 | hydrogen bond | weak attraction between a hydrogen atom and another atom | 63 | |
| 15031785296 | (Water) polar= | Unequal sharing of electrons | 64 | |
| 15031785297 | Versatile Solvent (water) | Water is a universal solvent | 65 | |
| 15031785298 | Evaporative cooling | The process in which the surface of an object becomes cooler during evaporation, a result of the molecules with the greatest kinetic energy changing from the liquid to the gaseous state. | 66 | |
| 15031785299 | heat of vaporization of water | high amount of energy required for liquid water to turn into water vapor | 67 | |
| 15031785300 | Specific heat | Amount of heat needed to change the temp of a substance | 68 | |
| 15031785301 | surface tension (waters is high) | The measure of how difficult it is to stretch or break the surface of water | 69 | |
| 15031785302 | Adhesion | Clinging Together of two different substances because of hydrogen bonding | 70 | |
| 15031785303 | Cohesion | Water molecules stick together because of hydrogen bonds | 71 | |
| 15031785304 | condensation/dehydration synthesis | Gas to liquid o o o —> ooo | 72 | |
| 15031785305 | At what temperature is water most dense? | 4 degrees Celsius | 73 | |
| 15031785306 | 4 main types of macromolecules | 1. Carbohydrates 2. Lipids 3. Proteins 4. Nucleic acids | 74 | |
| 15031785307 | Polymer (many) | Long molecule of many similar building blocks | 75 | |
| 15031785308 | Monomer (one) | Single unit | 76 | |
| 15031785309 | Macromolecules (organic) | large molecules made up of repeating subunits | 77 | |
| 15031785310 | water ______ as it freezes | expands | 78 | |
| 15031785311 | Functional groups of organic compounds | Hydroxyl, carboxyl, amino, phosphate, sulfhydryl | 79 | |
| 15031785312 | Functional groups | Attach to carbon skeleton # & arrangement gives each one uniqueness Are all hydrophilic | 80 | |
| 15031785313 | Hydrocarbons | Chains of ONLY a carbon and hydrogen | 81 | |
| 15031785314 | Carbon can form up to __ single covalent bonds, or __ double bonds | 4, 2 | 82 | |
| 15031785315 | ice is (more/less) dense than liquid water | less |  | 83 |
| 15031785316 | What are the most frequently occurring chemical elements in living things? | CHON (carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen) | 84 | |
| 15031785317 | inorganic compounds | Compounds that do not contain carbon | 85 | |
| 15031785318 | organic compounds | compounds containing carbon & hydrogen | 86 | |
| 15031785319 | Hydrophilic (water loving) will dissolve.... | Ionic compounds ex:salt Polar compounds ex:sugar | 87 | |
| 15031785320 | pH buffer | a solution that resists changes in pH when acids or bases are added to it; typically a solution of a weak acid and its conjugate base | 88 | |
| 15031785321 | PH scale numbers | 0-7=acid 7=neutral 7-14=base | 89 | |
| 15031785322 | PH scale | A range of values used to express the concentration of hydrogen ions in a solution | 90 | |
| 15031785323 | Hydrophobic "water fearing" are | Non-polar compounds; NOT water solvable Ex: oil | 91 | |
| 15031785324 | aqueous solutions | solutions with water as the solvent Ex: cytoplasm, blood plasma | 92 | |
| 15031785325 | Hydrolysis ooo —> o o o | Breaks bond between monomers | 93 | |
| 15031785326 | Micelle | lipid molecules that arrange themselves in a spherical form in aqueous solutions | 94 | |
| 15031785327 | Heads of phospholipids are: Tails of phospholipids are: | Heads: hydrophilic Tails: hydrophobic | 95 | |
| 15031785328 | Carbs function | Short term energy Structure Raw material Cell communication | 96 | |
| 15031785329 | What makes up phospholipids | glycerol, 2 fatty acids, and a phosphate group | 97 | |
| 15031785330 | Phospholipids | major component of cell membranes | 98 | |
| 15031785331 | Other functions of fat | Cushions vital organs Buoyancy Insulates body heat Waxes (waterproof) | 99 | |
| 15031785332 | Major function of fats- | Energy storage( long term) (2x energy as carbs) | 100 | |
| 15031785333 | Monosaccharides (simple sugars) | Serve as fuel and carbon sources Found in chains or rings Ex: glucose, fructose | 101 | |
| 15031785334 | hydrogenated fats (trans fats) | Synthetically converted unsaturated fats into saturated fats | 102 | |
| 15031785335 | Unsaturated fats | At LEAST one DOUBLE bond, fatty acid chains bend so they can't be packaged close together Ex: plant and fish fats | 103 | |
| 15031785336 | saturated fats | all SINGLE(sat-single) bonds Ex:animal fats, butter, lard | 104 | |
| 15031785337 | Disaccharides | 2 monosaccharides linked by glycosidic linkage Ex: lactose, sucrose | 105 | |
| 15031785338 | 1 glycerol and 3 fatty acids= | =fat (triglyceride) lipid | 106 | |
| 15031785339 | FATS | Not a polymer, but a large molecule assembled from smaller molecules by dehydration synthesis reaction | 107 | |
| 15031785340 | Lipids | Large organic molecules, NOT POLYMER Grouped bc they are very hydrophobic Ex: fats, steroids, oils, phospholipids Highly varied in function and form | 108 | |
| 15031785341 | Chitin | -Structural material in exoskeleton of Arthropods and in cell walls of fungi -monomer: modified beta glucose | 109 | |
| 15031785342 | glycosidic linkage | A covalent bond formed between two monosaccharides by a dehydration reaction. | 110 | |
| 15031785343 | Glycogen | -Energy storage in animals -Made of alpha glucose molecules -Highly branched -Hydrolysis of glycogen releases glucose when blood sugar gets too low -stored in liver and muscle cells | 111 | |
| 15031785344 | Microfibrils | A threadlike component of the cell wall, composed of cellulose molecules | 112 | |
| 15031785345 | Polysaccharides | A polymer of MANY monosaccharides (100-1000) Bonded with many glycosidic linkages Ex: starch, cellulose | 113 | |
| 15031785346 | Cellulose | Structural material in plants (cell walls) Monomer (beta b glucose) Made up of microfibrils Indigestible by humans= fiber STRONG | 114 | |
| 15031785347 | Starch | Energy storage in plants Monomer (alpha a glucose) Easily digested by humans | 115 | |
| 15031785348 | Proteins are | polymers of amino acids Vary in shape and function POLYMERS | 116 | |
| 15031785349 | Polypeptides | polymers of amino acids | 117 | |
| 15031785350 | Pleated sheet | The folded arrangement of a polypeptide in a protein's secondary structure. | 118 | |
| 15031785351 | Helix | spiral, coil (every 4th amino acid) | 119 | |
| 15031785352 | A protein consists of one or more | polypeptide folded and cooked into a specific 3D shape | 120 | |
| 15031785353 | 2nd secondary structure | The polypeptides coiled or folded D patters resulting from hydrogen bonds at regular intervals along the backbone of the polypeptide | 121 | |
| 15031785354 | If there is a slight change in primary structure serious issues occur such as.... | Stickle cell anemia | 122 | |
| 15031785355 | 1st primary structure | Unique sequence of amino acids ("beads on string") Determined by DNA Order of this sequence determines structure of protein | 123 | |
| 15031785356 | Peptide bonds form between | an amino group and a carboxyl group | 124 | |
| 15031785357 | Amino acids | monomers of proteins | 125 | |
| 15031785358 | Types of R groups in amino acids | Hydrophobic Hydrophilic Ionized | 126 | |
| 15031785359 | R group (side chain) | differs with each amino acid | 127 | |
| 15031785360 | Carboxyl group (-COOH) | Gives acidic property's | 128 | |
| 15031785361 | Dipeptides | 2 amino acids | 129 | |
| 15031785362 | Amino group gives... | Alkaline (base) property | 130 | |
| 15031785363 | Polypeptide | long chain of amino acids that makes proteins | 131 | |
| 15031785364 | 3rd tertiary structure | Additional folding from interactions between R-groups/side chains If amino acids | 132 | |
| 15031785365 | 4th quaternary structure | > polypeptide chains come together Ex: hemoglobin and collagen | 133 | |
| 15031785366 | Globular | 3D shape Water soluble Metabolic functions |  | 134 |
| 15031785367 | Fibrous | Long threadlike shape Insoluble Structural functions |  | 135 |
| 15031785368 | Why is carbon so special compared to other elements? | It's ability to form molecules that are large, complex, and varied | 136 | |
| 15031785369 | Watson and Crick (1953) | discovered the structure of DNA | 137 | |
| 15031785370 | polynucleotide | Nucleic acid polymer | 138 | |
| 15031785371 | examples of nucleotides | DNA, RNA, ATP | 139 | |
| 15031785372 | 4 levels of protein structure | primary, secondary, tertiary, quaternary | 140 | |
| 15031785373 | Purines | 2 rings, A and G | 141 | |
| 15031785374 | Pyrimidines | 1 ring of carbon and nitrogen atoms | 142 | |
| 15031785375 | Denaturation of proteins | -Loss of 3D structure and often biological function -alteration of bonds that hold 2 & 3D structure together -if PH, salt, or temps tire levels are altered protein may unravel( no longer function) |  | 143 |
| 15031785376 | 3 parts of each nucleotide | 1. Phosphate group 2. Pentose sugar 3. Nitrogenous base | 144 | |
| 15031785377 | protein synthesis | Gene Expression, the forming of proteins based on DNA and carried out by RNA is called this. | 145 | |
| 15031785378 | Nucleic acids (monomers) | Polymers is nucleotides Store, transit, and help express hereditary info | 146 | |
| 15120337313 | Bioenergetics | the study of how energy flows through living organisms | 147 | |
| 15120337314 | Energy | The capacity to do work or cause change | 148 | |
| 15120337315 | 1st law or thermodynamics | "Conservation of energy" energy can be transferred and transformed, but it cannot be created or destroyed | 149 | |
| 15120337316 | 2nd law or thermodynamics | Every energy transfer increases entropy Living organisms are open organisms interacting with the environment Most energy is lost as heat A process is spontaneous if it increases entropy | 150 | |
| 15120337317 | Entropy | A measure of disorder or randomness. | 151 | |
| 15120337318 | Energy input must exceed energy loss to maintain order and... | Power cellular activity | 152 | |
| 15120337319 | Loss or order (entropy) or free energy results in... | Death | 153 | |
| 15120337320 | Metabolism | The collection of chemical reactions in an organism | 154 | |
| 15120337321 | Metabolic pathways consist of ________&________ of enzyme | Chains & cycles | 155 | |
| 15120337322 | Exergonic | Spontaneous RELEASE energy Catabolic (breaks down) | 156 | |
| 15120337323 | Endergonic | Non-spontaneous ABSORBS energy Anabolic (builds) | 157 | |
| 15120337324 | Energy coupling | Exergonic reactions power endergonic reactions | 158 | |
| 15120337325 | Metabolic disequilibrium (life necessity) | A cell @ equilibrium is dead | 159 | |
| 15120337326 | Constant flow of materials in and out of the cell prevents.. | Equilibrium | 160 | |
| 15120337327 | ATP structure | Immediate source of energy for cells | 161 | |
| 15128485244 | properties of water | Good solvent, high specific heat, expansion when frozen, high surface tension | 162 | |
| 15128485245 | functional groups | the components of organic molecules that are most commonly involved in chemical reactions | 163 | |
| 15128485246 | What is the role of a buffer | Keeps PH steady | 164 | |
| 15128485248 | ATP hydrolysis | Unstable phosphate bonds can be broken to release energy | 165 | |
| 15128485249 | Energy from ATP bonds drive most.. | Cellular work | 166 | |
| 15128485250 | ATP cycle | How a cell regenerates its ATP supply. ADP forms when ATP loses a phosphate group, then ATP forms as ADP gains a phosphate group. | 167 | |
| 15128485251 | Phosphorylation | The metabolic process of introducing a phosphate group into an organic molecule. | 168 | |
| 15128485252 | enzymes are | proteins that function as catalysts | 169 | |
| 15128485253 | What is a catalyst? | substance that speeds up the rate of a metabolic reaction | 170 | |
| 15128485254 | enzymes lower activation energy | Energy needed to get a reaction started | 171 | |
| 15128485255 | Enzymes allow reactions to occur at... | Body tempature | 172 | |
| 15128485256 | Enzymes often end in " " | "ase" | 173 | |
| 15128485257 | Enzymes are substrate specific | each particular enzyme has a specific shape that only some substrates can fit into | 174 | |
| 15128485286 | study induced fit model |  | 175 | |
| 15128485258 | Enzymes bind with substrates where? | At active sites (on enzyme) | 176 | |
| 15128485259 | induced fit model | Change in the shape of an enzyme's active site that enhances the fit between the active site and its substrate(s) | 177 | |
| 15128485260 | As a substrate enters the active sight- it induces the enzyme to... | Change shape slightly to fit more snugly | 178 | |
| 15128485261 | Enzyme substrate complex | enzyme binds to its substrate by weak bonds | 179 | |
| 15128485262 | Enzyme concentration | The greater concentration of the enzyme the greater the rate of reaction | 180 | |
| 15128485263 | Concentration of substrate | The greater the substrate the greater rate of reaction until saturated | 181 | |
| 15128485267 | enzyme inhibitors | Molecules that selectively effect the action of certain enzymes |  | 182 |
| 15128485264 | Temperature on enzyme reaction | The higher the temperature the greater rate of reaction—until denaturation | 183 | |
| 15128485265 | denatured protein | a protein whose structure has been changed by physical or chemical agents, loss of 3D shape | 184 | |
| 15128485269 | Competitive inhibitors | Compete with substrate bc of similar shape Can block active site and prevent reaction |  | 185 |
| 15128485266 | Effect of PH on enzyme reaction | Extreme PH causes denaturation Every enzyme has an ideal PH(not all same PH) | 186 | |
| 15128485270 | No competitive inhibitor | Bind to another site on enzyme Changes the shape of enzyme Slows, speeds up, or stops the reaction |  | 187 |
| 15128485268 | Poisons | Form irreversible bonds with the active site | 188 | |
| 15128485271 | metabolic pathways are determined by | enzymes | 189 | |
| 15128485272 | Metabolic pathway | Begins with a specific molecule, which is then altered in a series of defined steps, resulting in a certain product. | 190 | |
| 15128485273 | allosteric enzymes (all="other") | enzymes exist in active and inactive forms | 191 | |
| 15128485274 | 2 binding sites for allosteric enzymes | 1. Active site- for substrate 2. Allosteric site- for allosteric effector( non competitive) (Can slow down or increase rate of reaction) | 192 | |
| 15128485287 | where on the diagram is the allosteric site? |  | 193 | |
| 15128485275 | Surface tension (of water) | the intermolecular hydrogen bonds between molecules of water at the surface. | 194 | |
| 15128485276 | Is ice or liquid water more dense? | Liquid water is more dense | 195 | |
| 15128485277 | 3 mains kinds of cellular work done by cells | 1. Chemical- synthesis of proteins 2. Transport- pumping substances across membranes 3.mechanical- such as beating of cilia | 196 | |
| 15128485278 | ATP (adenosine triphosphate) | Composed of a sugar ribose, nitrogenous base adenine, and a chain of three phosphate groups bonded to it. | 197 | |
| 15128485279 | Activation energy | Energy needed to get a reaction started | 198 | |
| 15128485280 | Mode | The value that occurs most frequently in a given data set. | 199 | |
| 15128485281 | Median | the middle score in a distribution; half the scores are above it and half are below it | 200 | |
| 15128485282 | mean | average of all data | 201 | |
| 15128485283 | n symbolizes in an equation | Sample size | 202 | |
| 15128485284 | X (with a line above) | Sample mean | 203 | |
| 15128485285 | £ means | Sum of all | 204 | |
| 15129137038 | Peptide bond | The chemical bond that forms between the carboxyl group of one amino acid and the amino group of another amino acid | 205 | |
| 15130284488 | Role of carbon | Carbon bonds with different elements and compounds and makes the great chemical complexity required for life possible | 206 | |
| 15130284489 | polar molecule | molecule with an unequal distribution of charge, resulting in the molecule having a positive end and a negative end | 207 | |
| 15130284490 | How are peptide bonds formed | dehydration synthesis | 208 | |
| 15130284491 | Hydrolysis | Breaking down complex molecules by the chemical addition of water | 209 | |
| 15130284492 | dehydration synthesis | A chemical reaction in which two molecules covalently bond to each other with the removal of a water molecule. | 210 | |
| 15130284754 | How to identify amino acids |  | 211 | |
| 15133147206 | What is the R group in an amino acid? | There are 20 different R groups that create 20 different amino acids. The R group is a functional group attached to the amino acid. The different R group makes the amino acids different. | 212 |
