Terms : Hide Images
| 214909997 | Polar Molecule | molecule in which opposite ends have opposite electric charges | |
| 214909998 | Cohesion | The holding together of Hydrogen bonds to a substance | |
| 214909999 | Kinectic Energy | energy of motion | |
| 214910000 | Calorie | unit of heat defined as the quantity of heat required to raise the temperature of 1 gram of water by 1 degree centigrade at atmospheric pressure | |
| 214910001 | Evaporative Cooling | The surface of the liquid that remains behind to cool down | |
| 214910002 | Organic Chemistry | the branch of chemistry that specializes in the study of carbon compounds | |
| 214910003 | Vitalism | the belief in a life force outside the jurisdiction of physical and chemical laws | |
| 214910004 | Mechanism | the view that all natural phenomena including the processes of life, are governed by physical and chemical laws | |
| 214910005 | Tetravalence | One facet of carbon's versatality that makes large, complex molecules possible | |
| 214910006 | Hydrocarbons | organic molecules consisting of only carbon and hydrogen | |
| 214910007 | Structural Isomers | One of several organic compounds that have the same molecular formula but differ in the covalent arrangements of their atoms | |
| 214910008 | Geometrical Isomers | One of several organic compounds that have the same molecular formula but differin the spatial arrangements of their atoms | |
| 214910009 | Stereoisomers (Enantiomers) | molecules that are mirror images of each other | |
| 214910010 | Hydration shell | The sphere of water molecules around each dissolved ion | |
| 214910011 | Hydrophilic | Any substance that has an affinity/attraction for water (Hydro-water, Philios- loving) | |
| 214910012 | Colloid | a stable suspension of fine particles in a liquid | |
| 214910013 | Hydrophobic | substances that do not have an affinity for water, non-ionic, and nonpolar | |
| 214910014 | Molecular Mass | The sum of the masses of all the atoms in a molecule | |
| 214910015 | Mole | 6.02 X 10^23 | |
| 214910016 | Molarity | number of moles of solute per liter of solution | |
| 214910017 | Hydrogen Ion | a single proton with a charge of 1+, the electron left behind | |
| 214910018 | Hydroxide Ion | a water molecule that has lost a proton; OH- | |
| 214910019 | Buffers | substances that minimize changes in the concentrations of H+ and OH- in a solution | |
| 214910020 | Acid Precipitation | Rain, snow, or fog that is more acidic than pH 5.6. | |
| 214910021 | Functional Groups | components of organic molecules that are most commonly involved in chemical reactions | |
| 214910022 | Adenosine Triphosphate (ATP) | The primary energy- transferring molecules in the cell | |
| 214910023 | Made of Cells | A characteristic of a living organism- the cell is the basic unit of structure and all living things | |
| 214910024 | Organized | A characteristic of a living organism- All organisms are organized | |
| 214910025 | Reproduction | A characteristic of a living organism- All organisms reproduce | |
| 214910026 | Energy | A characteristic of a living organism- All organisms consume engery either from the sun or from food/water | |
| 214910027 | Growth and Development | A characteristic of a living organism- All organisms grow/develope | |
| 214910028 | Respond to stimuli | A characteristic of a living organism- All organisms respond to stimuli (like pain, sun, etc) | |
| 214910029 | Adapt | A characteristic of a living organism- All organisms adapt and evolve | |
| 214910030 | CHONPS (Homeostasis) | A characteristic of a living organism- Maintance of constant stablility (Carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen, phosphorus, sulfur) | |
| 214910031 | Ions | Atoms with a positive or negative charge (Anions and Cations) | |
| 214910032 | Isotopes | Atoms of the same element differing only in the number of neutrons | |
| 214910033 | Electron Orbitals | Paths electrons take around the nucleus | |
| 214910034 | Ionic Bonds | when atoms take on or give up electrons to become charged particles (ions) | |
| 214910035 | Non-polar Covalent Bond | equal electronegativities of shared electrons | |
| 214910036 | Polar Covalent Bond | Higher or unequal electronegativity of shared electrons | |
| 214910037 | Hydrogen Bond | 2 hydrogens attracted to a + atom of another molecule | |
| 214910038 | Salts | Ionic compound in which the H+ of an acid is replaced by another +ion | |
| 214910039 | Hydration | the interaction of solute particles and water. When the + ends of a water molecule are attracted to the negative ions and the -ends of water are attracted to the positives ions. Tends to make salts fall apart | |
| 214910040 | Universal Solvent | A solvent that dissolves or breaks down everything. Dissolves most polar and ionic substances, anything with a charge | |
| 214910041 | Adhesion | The clinging of one substance to another | |
| 214910042 | Cohesion | Hydrogen bonds holding onto the substance together, collectively (water sticking to itself) | |
| 214910043 | High Surface Tension | a measure of the difficulty to stretch or break the surface of a liquid | |
| 214910044 | Most dense at 4 degrees centigrade | Water expands | |
| 214910045 | High Specific Heat | amount of heat needed to raise the temp of 1g of substance 1 degree C | |
| 214910046 | High Heat of Vaporization | quantity of heat a liquid must absorb for 1g to change from a liquid to a gas | |
| 214910047 | Capillarity | water sticks to sides (cohesion) and goes up (adhesion) | |
| 214910048 | Organic Compound | Carbon based, living, bigger/larger, covaltent bond, slow reaction | |
| 214910049 | Inorganic Compound | Metal ion, non-living, smaller, ionic bonds, fast reactions | |
| 214910050 | Isomers | compounds that have the same numbers of atoms of the same elements but different structures and hence different properties (Structural, Geometrical, Steroisomers) | |
| 214910051 | Monomer | building block or small unit of a polymer; can be linked into chains | |
| 214910052 | Polymer | long chain of monomer units (monomers) | |
| 214910053 | Dehydration Synthesis | removal of water , removing a water molecule to form a bond | |
| 214910054 | Hydrolysis | water is used to break down a polymer | |
| 214910055 | Carbohydrates | Hydrates of carbon (-ose= carbohydrate) | |
| 214910056 | Monosaccharides | simple sugars- primary engery source in animals (Glucose, galactose, fructose, ribose, deoxyribose_ | |
| 214910057 | Disaccharides | two monosaccharides joined together through a condensation reaction (Maltose, Lactose, Sucrose) | |
| 214910058 | Polysaccharides | polymers of monosaccharides (may be alpha or beta) | |
| 214910059 | Starch | Polysaccharide- sugar in plants, 10-20% amolos (long straight chains of alpha 1-4 linked glucose), 80-90% Amylopectin, short branched chains | |
| 214910060 | Glycogen | Polysaccharide- sugar in animals, stored in liver and muscles, large branched chains of glucose | |
| 214910061 | Cellulose | Polysaccharide- plant cell walls, long straight chains of Beta 1-4 linkages (humans cannot digest it) | |
| 214910062 | Chitin | Polysaccharide- exoskeleton, arthro pods | |
| 214910063 | Amylose | Linear Polysaccharide soluable in water. | |
| 214910064 | Amylopectin | Branched Polysaccharides insoluable in water | |
| 214910065 | Lipids | substances which are non-polar, insoluable in water, large, and hydrophobic | |
| 214910066 | Fatty Acid | monomer unti that has long hydrocarbon chains with a carboxylic acid group at one end | |
| 214910067 | Saturated Fatty Acid | solid at room temp, from animals, saturated bonds, no double bonds between carbon atoms | |
| 214910068 | Unsaturated Fatty Acid | unstaturated bonds, liquid at room temp, typically from plants, double bonds in the carbon chain | |
| 214910069 | Polyunstaturate Fatty Acid | fatty acid with more than 1 double bond | |
| 214910070 | Triglyceride | glycerol and 3 fatty acids | |
| 214910071 | Phospholipids | glycerol, 2 fatty acids, and a phosphate group | |
| 214910072 | Steriods | four fused rings- have same properties as lipids but are structurely different | |
| 214910073 | Waxes | long chain alcohol connected to a fatty acid | |
| 214910074 | Proteins | Found everywhere in the body and have a variety of structural and chemical functions | |
| 214910075 | Animo Acids | building blocks of proteins (20 different amino acids used for life) *only left hand form is found in nature, 10 essential and 10 non-essential | |
| 214910076 | R-groups | Determines the properties of amino acids, they can be polar, nonpolar, and ionic. (Protein folding is affected by its charges) | |
| 214910077 | Peptide bonds | bond between 2 amino acids | |
| 214910078 | Peptides | many animo acids bonded | |
| 214910079 | Primary protein structure | order of amino acids | |
| 214910080 | Secondary protein structure | 3D shape due to hydrogen bonding on a molecular backbone (Alpha helix, Beta pleated sheet) | |
| 214910081 | Tertiary Protein Structure | 3D shape- additional bending and folding due to interactions between the R-groups (includes Secondary and primary protein structures) | |
| 214910082 | Quaternary Protein Structure | 2 or more protein chains together (often contain a prosthetic group) | |
| 214910083 | Denaturation | the breaking down of a protein (loss of 3D shape) [pH, temperature, other various chemicals, detergents, physical shaking] | |
| 214910084 | Binding proteins | special shapes that bind to other substances (proteins) | |
| 214910085 | Structural Proteins | helps with the shape and function of body (proteins) | |
| 214910086 | Enzymes | organic catalysts which lower the activation energy of a reaction (end in -ase) | |
| 214910087 | Metabolism | sum of all chemical reactions in the body | |
| 214910088 | Catabolism | the breakdown of a substance | |
| 214910089 | Anabolism | synthesis of a substance | |
| 214910090 | Catalyst | any molecule which accelerates a reaction by lowering the activation energy | |
| 214910091 | Activation Energy | engery needed to start a chemical reaction | |
| 214910092 | Chemical Equilibrium | rate of a reaction in one direction equals the rate in the other | |
| 214910093 | Substrate Enzymes | the molecule an enzyme binds to (could be 2 substances) | |
| 214910094 | Active Site Enzymes | site at which the enzyme binds to the substrate | |
| 214910095 | Induced fit model Enzymes | enzyme changes shape to fit the substrate | |
| 214910096 | Cofactors (Coenzymes) | non-protein molecules which assist enzymes | |
| 214910097 | Allosteric Enzymes | enzymes with 2 binding sites: Substrate and Effector site | |
| 214910098 | Allosteric Effector | binds to an allosteric enzyme- it can either enduce it or inhibit it (kind of like an on and off switch) | |
| 214910099 | Competitive Inhibition | 2 substances compete for the active site on an enzyme | |
| 214910100 | Negative Feedback | As a product is formed it hinders the enzyme used to make it. (same process as Allosteric enzymes, but hwne a substance is gone, system shuts down until there's more again. Then it opens up) | |
| 214910101 | Beaurat | test for proteins- turns pink, purple, and blue | |
| 214910102 | Macromolecule | A giant molecule formed by the joining of smaller molecules, usually by a condensation reaction | |
| 214910103 | Glycosidic Linkage | a covalent bond formed between 2 monosaccharides by a dehydration reaction | |
| 214910104 | Fat | large molecules that are assembled from smaller molecules by dehydration reactions | |
| 214910105 | Cholesterol | A common component of animal cell membranes and is also the precursor from which other steriods are synthesized | |
| 214910106 | Alpha Helix | Secondary structure that is a delicate coil held together by hydrogen bonding between every 4th amino acid | |
| 214910107 | Beta Pleated Sheet | Secondary structure, 2 or more regions of the polypeptide chaing lying side by side are connected by Hydrogen bonds between parts of the 2 parallel polypeptide backbones | |
| 214910108 | Disulfide Bridges | A strong covalent bond formed when the sulfur of one cysteine monomer bonds to the sulfur of another cysteine monomer | |
| 226453726 | Robert Hooke | discovered the cell in 1665 | |
| 226453727 | Cell fractionism | a technique used by scientists to separate the different cell parts | |
| 226453728 | Cytosol | semifluid substance in the membrane in which organelles are found | |
| 226453729 | Nucleoid | A dense reion of DNA in a prokaryotic cell | |
| 226453730 | Cytoplasm | The entired region between the nucleus and the plasma membrane | |
| 235000471 | Cell Theory | 1. All living things are made of cells 2. The cell is the basic unit of structure and function in all living things 3. All cells come from pre-existing cells | |
| 235000472 | Eukarotic Cells | have a true nucleus and membrane bound organelles | |
| 235000473 | Prokaryotic Cells | no true nucleus or membrance bound organelles | |
| 235000474 | Archaebacteria | bacteria that live under extreme conditions such as: high temperature, high salt content, and low oxygen | |
| 235000475 | Eubacteria | Kingdom of unicellular prokaryotes whose cell walls are made up of peptidoglycan | |
| 235000476 | Plasmid Rings | Rings of DNA | |
| 235000477 | Ribosomes | non membrane bounded organelles responsible for protein synthesis | |
| 235000478 | Cell Wall | Shape and protect the cell, made of peptidoglycans and cellulose | |
| 235000479 | Gram Stain | Gram positive- thick peptidoglycan cell wall Gram negative- thin peptidoglycan cell wall | |
| 235000480 | Capsule | jelly-like coding surrounding cell wall, prevents it from drying out, it's sitcky, and it protects it. | |
| 235000481 | Pili | short bristle-like structures, they too help attachment to other cells, they allow for genetic DNA to transfer | |
| 235000482 | Flagella | provide locomotion for cell, made of flagellen | |
| 235000483 | Coccus | Cell shape-spherical | |
| 235000484 | Bacillus | Cell shape- rod shaped | |
| 235000485 | Spirillium | Cell Shape- sprial or corkscrew shaped | |
| 235000486 | Spirochetes | Cell Shape- corkscrew with flagella inside the membrane | |
| 235000487 | Chemotaxis | prokaryotic cells move towards or away from chemicals | |
| 235000488 | Conjugation | 2 pili form a bridge to transfer DNA/genetics (Sexual) | |
| 235000489 | Transformation | uptake of naked DNA (Sexual) | |
| 235000490 | Transduction | (Bacteria phage) through a vector (Sexual) | |
| 235000491 | Binary Fission | Bacteria splitting into two (Asexual) | |
| 235000492 | Heterotrophs | feed off of other sources | |
| 235000493 | Photoheterotrophs | use light to make ATP, eats to get carbon | |
| 235000494 | Chemoheterotrophs | decomposures, most common bacteria, feed upon substrate they are living on | |
| 235000495 | Phototrophs | Use only light and carbondioxide | |
| 235000496 | Chemotrophs | (Chemosynthetic Autotrophs) use energy from inroganic substances and carbon dioxide. | |
| 235000497 | Chemoautotrophs | need only carbon dioxide to make energy | |
| 235000498 | Methanogens | (Archaebacteria), Archaebacteria that live in anaerobic environments and produce methane as a by-product of their metabolic process | |
| 235000499 | Extreme Halophiles | Archaebacteria that live in a high salt concentration | |
| 235000500 | Thermoacidophiles | Archaebacteria that prefer hot temperatures and acidic environments | |
| 235000501 | Plasma membrane (Cell membrane) | responsible for cell to cell recognition | |
| 235000502 | Fluid Mosaic Model | whole bunch of phospholipids floating around, not locked into place, to form the membrane | |
| 235000503 | Integrel Proteins | membrane proteins that go through the entire membrane | |
| 235000504 | Peripheral Proteins | membrane proteins found on the sufrace of the membrane | |
| 235000505 | Phospholipid Membrane | hydrophobic barrier of the cell | |
| 235000506 | Channel Proteins | proteins that create a passage for water solubles to pass | |
| 235000507 | Transport Proteins | proteins that create an active transport that goes against concentration gradience | |
| 235000508 | Recognition proteins | glycoproteins that are responsible for attachment points and cell-to-cell recognition. | |
| 235000509 | Receptor Proteins | receptors for horomone and other trigger substances that bring about secondary proteins | |
| 235000510 | Electron Transfer Proteins | proteins that transfer electrons from one molecule to another | |
| 235000511 | Cytoplasm | nutrient-rich fluid, jelly-like substance which surrounds the organelles (colloidal in nature) | |
| 235000512 | Nucleus | houses the genetic material in a cell, has 2 membranes and an envelope | |
| 235000513 | Nucleolus | makes and stores RNA | |
| 235000514 | Endoplasmic Reticulum | Internal cellular transport system | |
| 235000515 | Rough ER | the portion of the endoplasmic reticulum studded with ribosomes. | |
| 235000516 | Ribosomes | where protein synthesis happens, it can make and create bonds | |
| 235000517 | Smooth ER | the portion of the endoplasmic reticulum that is free of ribosomes. | |
| 235000518 | Golgi apparatus | Responsible for packaging, sorting, and secreting of materials made in other parts of the cell | |
| 235000519 | Lysosomes | Responsible for intercellular digestion | |
| 235000520 | Mitochondria | powerhouse of the cell, produces energy and is made up of double membranes | |
| 235000521 | Plastids | organelles that are surrounded by a double membrane and contain their own DNA | |
| 235000522 | Leucoplast | Type of plastid that stores starch | |
| 235000523 | Chromoplast | plastid containing pigments other than chlorophyll usually yellow or orange carotenoids | |
| 235000524 | Chloroplast | an organelle found in plant and algae cells where photosynthesis occurs | |
| 235000525 | Cytoskeleton | keeps cell in chape and handles movement in cell | |
| 235000526 | Micro tubules | found in animal & plant cells, long hollow tubes composed of tubulin(protein), functions like a skeleton, moves chromosomes, makes up cilia, flagella, & centrioles | |
| 235000527 | Intermediate filaments | Threadlike proteins in the cell's cytoskeleton that are roughly twice as thick as microfilaments | |
| 235000528 | Microfilaments | help pinch off cytoplasm | |
| 235000529 | Flagella and cilia | (like whiskers) help move things across the cell's surface, usually associated with sex cells | |
| 235000530 | basal bodies | base of flagella, made of microtubules | |
| 235000531 | Centrioles | Located near the nucleus and help to organize cell division, only in animals | |
| 235000532 | Actin and myosin | make up muscle, help pinch off cytoplasm | |
| 235000533 | Vacuoles | regulates water in plants, stores food, and helps with enzyme waste | |
| 235000534 | Peroxisomes/microbodies | small vesicle, breaks down alcohols and other toxins | |
| 235000535 | Bulk Flow Movement | molecules moving all at once, hydrostatic pressure brought by gradients | |
| 235000536 | Gradients | difference in concentration arcoss membrane (diffusion) | |
| 235000537 | Selectively Permeable | allows certain molecules in and keeps certain molecules out | |
| 235000538 | Solvent | liquid portion, , a liquid substance capable of dissolving other substances | |
| 235000539 | Solute | the dissolved substance in a solution | |
| 235000540 | Hypertonic | describes a solution whose solute concentration is higher than the solute concentration inside a cell | |
| 235000541 | Hypotonic | describes a solution whose solute concentration is lower than the solute concentration inside a cell | |
| 235000542 | Isotonic | describes a solution whose solute concentration is equal to the solute concentration inside a cell | |
| 235000543 | Diffusion | movement of molecules from high concentration to low concentation | |
| 235000544 | Osmosis | diffusion of water through a selectively permeable membrane | |
| 235000545 | Dialysis | diffusion of solutes across the membrane, uses membranes to seperate solutes | |
| 235000546 | Active Transport | against the concentration gradient, uses energy (pumps) | |
| 235000547 | Passive Transport | with the concentration gradient, uses no energy | |
| 235000548 | Simple diffusion | Passive transport that lets materials simple diffuse across the membrane, from high to low | |
| 235000549 | facilitated diffusion | passive transport that utilizes a carrier protein but uses no energy. Movement of larger, water soluble meterials across the membrane with the use of a carrier protein | |
| 235000550 | Carrier molecules | proteins in the membrane, highly specific molecules; allows the cell to regulate what goes in and out | |
| 235000551 | Gaited Ion Channels | protien channels which allow ions like Na+ to easily flow through the membrance as needed | |
| 235000552 | Pumps | active transport that moves materials from areas of low to areas of high concentration (against concentration gradients) | |
| 235000553 | Endocytosis | the transport of solid matter or liquid into a cellby means of a coated vacuole or vesicle (distinguished from exocytosis). | |
| 235000554 | Vesicle | small membrane-bound sac that functions in moving products into, out of, and within a cell | |
| 235000555 | Pinocytosis | Cell drinking- intaking of liquids | |
| 235000556 | Phagocytosis | Intake of solid (food) particles | |
| 235000557 | receptor-mediated endocytosis | A molecule attaches to a receptor to form a vesicle | |
| 235000558 | Exocytosis | Vesicles fuse to the cell membrane to expel wastes or products | |
| 235000559 | Plasmolysis | occurs in plants, movement of water out of plant by a hypertonic environment (wilting) | |
| 235000560 | Turgor Pressure | pressure cause by hypotonic solution placed on the cell wall due to in flow of water, water entering the cell | |
| 235000561 | Crenation | equivalent to plasmolysis, but in animals. water moving out of cells by a hypertonic environment | |
| 235000562 | Cytolysis | equivalent to turgor pressure but in animal cells, however when too much water entesr the cell it will explode | |
| 235000563 | Countercurrent Exchange | , the exchange of a substance or heat between two fluids flowing in opposite directions | |
| 235000564 | Glycocalyx | "fuzzy layer", made of glycolipids and glycoproteins on the outside of the cell. Helps with cell to cell recognition, receptor sites, and helps cells stick to each other | |
| 235000565 | Cell junctions | connections between cells, in animals | |
| 235000566 | tight | (Cell junciton) membrane proteins attach to each other like a zipper, barreir in any areas that need to be water proof | |
| 235000567 | Gap | (Cell junciton) on plasma membrane, channel proteins align with each other | |
| 235000568 | Desmosomes | (Cell junciton) adhesive to keep cells together | |
| 235000569 | Plasmodesmata | Cell junciton found in plants, channels which pass through the cell wall. the smooth ER goes through the plant cell to communicate and transfer materials. | |
| 245999527 | Photosynthesis | process by which plants use the sun's energy to convert water and carbon dioxide into sugars | |
| 245999528 | Light+ 6H2O+ 6CO2-- C6H12O+ 6O2 | photosynthesis equation | |
| 245999529 | Photons | packets of light energy which travels in waves | |
| 245999530 | electromagnetic spectrum | plants use the visible spectrum. Shows wave lenghts of plant pigments | |
| 245999531 | Long wave photons | lower energy, lower heat, and less harmful, infared waves | |
| 245999532 | Short wave photons | more engery, marcromolecules, harmful, can cause cancer and mutation, ultraviolet waves | |
| 245999533 | Chlorophyll a | green pigments, absorb lights in red, blue, and sometimes violet. Reflect green and blue/green. | |
| 245999534 | Chlorophyll b | green pigments, absorb light in red, blue, and some violet range. reflect green (olive green) | |
| 245999535 | Carotenes | carotenoid that is an orange pigment. It helps absorb light chlorophyll can't pick up. protects volital chlorophyll | |
| 245999536 | Xanthophylls | carotenoid that is a yellow pigment. helps absorb light chlorophyll can't pick up. protects volital chlorophyll | |
| 245999537 | Anthocyanins | deep purple/blue pigments. typically found in vacuoles (used in flowers) | |
| 245999538 | Engleman Experiment | the light prism on spirogyra. shows where the pigments are | |
| 245999539 | Spec 20 | machine that shows the point of lights. The dye measures exact rate of photosynthesis | |
| 245999540 | Stroma | part of the chloroplast that contains an enzyme rich solution and is the place where CO2 is reduced. Equivalent of cytoplasm | |
| 245999541 | Thylakoids | photosynthetic membrane system within the chloroplast. Houses photosynthetic pigments (chlorophyll and carotenes) | |
| 245999542 | Grana (Granum) | stack(s) of thylakoids | |
| 245999543 | light reactions | type of photosynthesis that gathers light to make NADPH and ATP. It takes place in the thylakoids | |
| 245999544 | Photosystems | pigment complexes made of chlorophyll a and b, carotenes, and xanthophylls. They channel light and are embedded in thylakoids | |
| 245999545 | electron acceptor | molecule that grabs/captures the electron and transfers it to ETS/ETC. | |
| 245999546 | Electron transport | series of membrane proteins in thylakoid membrane from 1 molecule to another providing energy to run proton pumps. | |
| 245999547 | chemiosmosis | ATP is produced from a hydrogen ion gradient through ATP synthase enzyme | |
| 245999548 | Z diagram | splitting water to release electrons which will replace those lost in photosystem II | |
| 245999549 | photolysis | an enzyme in photosystem II that breaks water down into H+ and O2 molecules | |
| 245999550 | Cyclic pathway | Produces ATP only and deals with photosystem I only , portion of light reaction that generates ATP and only involves photosystem 1 | |
| 245999551 | non-cyclic pathway | produces ATP and NADPH , pathway that uses both photosystem I and photosystem II | |
| 245999552 | Chemiosmosis brings about photophosphorylation | when ADP adds a phosphate to creat ATP. the flow of hydrogen ions through an ATP synthase enzyme to make light energy. | |
| 245999553 | Light independent reactions (calvin cycle) | plants use energy that ATP and NADPH contain to build stable high energy carbohydrate compounds that can be stored for a long time. These are the steps in which the hydrogen (H) that is held by the NADPH is combined with Co2 through a series of steps to form glucose ATP and NADPH provide the energy to power this cycle | |
| 245999554 | 3 steps of calvin cycle | must turn 6 times in order to produce 1 glucose. 1. CO2 fixation 2. CO2 reduction 3. Regeneration of RuBP 4. production of glucose (not part of actual cycle) | |
| 245999555 | CO2 Fixation | attachment of CO2 to RuBP to form an unstalbe intermediate, immediately breaks down into 2 three-carbon PGAs | |
| 245999556 | CO2 Reduction | Adds an electron or hydrogen ion. PGA is reduced to PGAL (PGA turns into PGAP first then to PGAL) ATP and NADPH are used here | |
| 245999557 | Regeneration of RuBP | 6 turns of cycle yield 2 PGALs that are used for production of glucose and 10 can be recycled back into six 5-carbon RuBPs | |
| 245999558 | C3 photosynthesis | typical calvin cycle ex: most typical plants | |
| 245999559 | C4 photosynthesis | CO2 is fixed to form a 4-carbon molecule called oxaloacetic acid (OAA). OAA is then converted to malate and transferred into bundle sheath cells. Plants grow in huge amount in short time. ex: crabgrass, corn, and sugar cane | |
| 245999560 | CAM | fixes CO2 to a 4-carbon molecule, called OAA, at night OAA is then converted to malic acid and transferred to the vacuole at night when the stomata can open ex: desert plants | |
| 245999561 | Photorepiration | caused when a protein found in plants, called rubisco, fixes O2 instead of CO2 like it normally does. Rubisco is not an efficient protein. O2 fixations causes products other than glucose in which peroxisomes must rid the cell of. 30-40% of all energy in light reactions is used to overcome it. | |
| 252870084 | Metabolic Pathway | the series of chemical (enzyme controlled) reactions which turn one chemical into another | |
| 252870085 | First law of thermodynamics | energy cannot be created or destroyed, only converted from one form to another | |
| 252870086 | second law of thermodynamics | in any spontaneous process, there is always an increase in the entropy (randomness or disorder) of the universe. | |
| 252870087 | ATP | energy storage molecule in the cell, easily obtainable energy, energy currency of the cell | |
| 252870088 | Aerobic | respiration with oxygen to make ATP energy in living organisms | |
| 252870089 | Anaerobic | (fermentation) respiration without oxygen | |
| 252870090 | Glycolysis | Both anaerobic and aerobic start with this, it occurs in the cytoplasm, converts glucose to pyruvic acid, and produces 2 ATP and 2 NADH | |
| 252870091 | Lactic Acid fermentation | (in the cytoplasm of animals and bacteria) pryuvic acid is converted to lactic acid | |
| 252870092 | Alcoholic fermentation | (in the cytoplasm of yeast and plants) converts pyruvic acid into ethyl alcohol and carbon dioxide | |
| 252870093 | coupled reactions | when a non-spontaneous reaction (endergonic) is "coupled" to a spontaneous reaction (exergonic) in order to conserve energy | |
| 252870094 | substrate level phosphorylation | when a high energy phosphate is transferred directly from a phoshporylated metabolic compound to a molecule of ADP | |
| 252870095 | Oxidative phosphorylation | electrons are removed from carrier molecules (NAD and FAD) and passed through a series of electron carrier proteins which "pump" hydrogen into the intermembrane space of the mitochondria | |
| 252870096 | Efficiency of aerobic respiration | 7.3kcal-mol of ATP x 36 ATP/ 686 kcal-mol glucose, 39% of the available energy is extracted from the glucose molecule | |
| 252870097 | Creatine Phosphate | (3x to 5x more plentiful than ATP) transfers a phosphate to ADP immediately, compound in muscular cells | |
| 252870098 | anaerobic glycolysis | (after creatin phosphate is used up) produces lactic acid | |
| 252870099 | Phosphagen system in muscles | All the creatine and ATP in the muscle have about 15 seconds of maixmal contraction |
