Terms : Hide Images
| 5613875349 | variation | Any difference between individuals of the same species. | 0 | |
| 5613877511 | biodiversity | The number of species within a specific habitat. | 1 | |
| 5613877512 | species | A group of similar organisms that can breed and produce fertile offspring. | 2 | |
| 5613877513 | population | A group of individuals that belong to the same species and live in the same area | 3 | |
| 5613880429 | homologous | Structures in different species that are similar because of common ancestry. | 4 | |
| 5613880430 | analogous | Comparable | 5 | |
| 5613883173 | relative fitness | The contribution an individual makes to the gene pool of the next generation, relative to the contributions of other individuals in the population. | 6 | |
| 5613883174 | gene pool | All the genes, including all the different alleles for each gene, that are present in a population at any one time | 7 | |
| 5613885482 | gene | A segment of DNA on a chromosome that codes for a specific trait A discrete unit of hereditary information consisting of a specific nucleotide sequence in DNA (or RNA, in some viruses). | 8 | |
| 5613885483 | loci | Point on the chromosome where the gene is found | 9 | |
| 5613885484 | adaptation | A trait that helps an organism survive and reproduce | 10 | |
| 5613888262 | genetic drift | A change in the allele frequency of a population as a result of chance events rather than natural selection. | 11 | |
| 5613888263 | gene flow | Movement of alleles into or out of a population due to the migration of individuals to or from the population | 12 | |
| 5613890997 | bottleneck effect | A change in allele frequency following a dramatic reduction in the size of a population | 13 | |
| 5613890998 | founder effect | Change in allele frequencies as a result of the migration of a small subgroup of a population | 14 | |
| 5613894068 | natural selection | A process in which individuals that have certain inherited traits tend to survive and reproduce at higher rates than other individuals because of those traits. | 15 | |
| 5613894069 | sexual selection | A form of natural selection in which individuals with certain inherited characteristics are more likely than other individuals to obtain mates. when individuals select mates based on heritable traits | 16 | |
| 5613896266 | directional selection | Form of natural selection in which the entire curve moves; occurs when individuals at one end of a distribution curve have higher fitness than individuals in the middle or at the other end of the curve Natural selection in which individuals at one end of the phenotypic range survive or reproduce more successfully than do other individuals. | 17 | |
| 5613896267 | disruptive selection | form of natural selection in which a single curve splits into two; occurs when individuals at the upper and lower ends of a distribution curve have higher fitness than individuals near the middle natural selection in which individuals at the upper and lower ends of the curve have higher fitness than individuals near the middle of the curve | 18 | |
| 5613899119 | stabilizing selection | Natural selection that favors intermediate variants by acting against extreme phenotypes When individuals near the center of the curve have higher fitness than individuals at either end | 19 | |
| 5613899120 | balancing selection | natural selection that maintains two or more phenotypic forms in a population | 20 | |
| 5613905221 | heterozygote advantage | Greater reproductive success of heterozygous individuals compared to homozygotes; tends to preserve variation in gene pools. | 21 | |
| 5613908380 | frequency dependent selection | the more frequent an allele, the more it will be selected against Fitness of trait dependent upon its frequency in population | 22 | |
| 5618705046 | phylogeny | Evolutionary history of a species | 23 | |
| 5618708921 | systematics | A scientific discipline focused on classifying organisms and determining their evolutionary relationships. | 24 | |
| 5618712103 | taxonomy | Discipline of classifying organisms and assigning each organism a universally accepted name | 25 | |
| 5618719691 | phylogenetic tree | A family tree that shows the evolutionary relationships thought to exist among groups of organisms | 26 | |
| 5618726114 | Carolus Linnaeus | Father of Taxonomy | 27 | |
| 5618733505 | DKPCOFGS | Domain / Kingdom / Phylum / Class / Order / Family / Genus / Species | 28 | |
| 5618748152 | taxon | a taxonomic group of any rank, such as a species, family, or class | 29 | |
| 5618763889 | sister taxon | Any taxa derived from a common ancestral node 2 phylogenetic groups that are each other's closest relatives | 30 | |
| 5618771632 | branch point | represents the divergence of two species | 31 | |
| 5618774626 | rooted tree | includes a branch to represent the last common ancestor of all taxa in the tree | 32 | |
| 5618777356 | basal tree | originates early from common ancestor. Near root. diverges early | 33 | |
| 5618787987 | polytomy | a branch point from which more than two descendant groups emerge, indicates that the evolutionary relationships among the descendant taxa are not yet clear. | 34 | |
| 5618790321 | homology | Similarity resulting from common ancestry. | 35 | |
| 5618795227 | analogy | A comparison of two different things that are similar in some way | 36 | |
| 5618798409 | convergent evolution | Evolution toward similar characteristics in unrelated species | 37 | |
| 5618802903 | divergent evolution | when two or more species sharing a common ancestor become more different over time | 38 | |
| 5618806551 | homoplasies | Analogous structures that have evolved independently. | 39 | |
| 5618809820 | cladistics | classification based on common ancestry | 40 | |
| 5618809821 | clade | A group of species that includes an ancestral species and all its descendants. | 41 | |
| 5618812866 | monophyletic | ALL descendants came from one common ancestor | 42 | |
| 5633014807 | paraphyletic | contains common ancestor but only some descendants (most similar) | 43 | |
| 5633022072 | polphyletic | contains group of species with different common ancestors | 44 | |
| 5633024585 | outgroup | "them" - those perceived as different or apart from our ingroup | 45 | |
| 5633027062 | ingroup | "Us" - people with whom one shares a common identity | 46 | |
| 5633030483 | maximum parsimony | "Occam's Razor." A principle that states that when considering multiple explanations for an observation, one should first investigate the simplest explanation that is consistent with the facts. | 47 | |
| 5633034045 | morphology | study of form | 48 | |
| 5633036342 | fossil | A trace of an ancient organism that has been preserved in rock. | 49 | |
| 5633039591 | molecular | Model that uses DNA comparisons to estimate the length of time that two species have been evolving independently | 50 | |
| 5633042527 | archaea | Domain of unicellular prokaryotes that have cell walls that do not contain peptidoglycan | 51 | |
| 5633060329 | bacteria | (microbiology) single-celled or noncellular spherical or spiral or rod-shaped organisms lacking chlorophyll that reproduce by fission | 52 | |
| 5633063774 | horizontal gene transfer | The transfer of genes from one genome to another through mechanisms such as transposable elements, plasmid exchange, viral activity, and perhaps, fusions of different organisms. | 53 | |
| 5633078118 | mutation | A change in a gene or chromosome. | 54 | |
| 5633080282 | point mutation | Gene mutation involving changes in one or a few nucleotides. | 55 | |
| 5633080283 | gamete | Sex cell | 56 | |
| 5633087079 | silent mutation | A mutation that changes a single nucleotide, but does not change the amino acid created. | 57 | |
| 5633094109 | wild type | An individual with the normal phenotype. | 58 | |
| 5633130445 | mutant | an animal that has undergone mutation An organism genetically different from its parent | 59 | |
| 5633136276 | nonsense mutations | A mutation that changes an amino acid codon to one of three stop codons, resulting in a shorter and usually nonfunctional protein. | 60 | |
| 5633142432 | missense mutations | Most common type of mutation, a base pair mutation in which the new codon makes sense in that it still codes for an amino acid although it might not be the correct one | 61 | |
| 5633154474 | insertion | a type of mutation resulting from the addition of extra nucleotides in a DNA sequence or chromosome | 62 | |
| 5633165357 | deletion | A change to a chromosome in which a fragment of the chromosome is removed. | 63 | |
| 5633177658 | frame shift mutation | a mutation involving the addition or loss of nucleotides; every codon beyond the gene is effected | 64 | |
| 5633180612 | mutagens | physical and chemical agents that interact with DNA to cause mutations | 65 | |
| 5633182826 | carcinogens | Cancer causing agents | 66 | |
| 5633185714 | histone | protein molecule around which DNA is tightly coiled in chromatin | 67 | |
| 5633195372 | histone acetylation | The attachment of acetyl groups to certain amino acids of histone proteins. Relaxes DNA coiling, allowing for transcription | 68 | |
| 5633197665 | methylation | A chemical modification of DNA that does not affect the nucleotide sequence of a gene but makes that gene less likely to be expressed. | 69 | |
| 5633202451 | control elements | segments of noncoding DNA in eukaryotic genes that help regulate transcription by binding to certain proteins. | 70 | |
| 5633207834 | transcription factors | Collection of proteins that mediate the binding of RNA polymerase and the initiation of transcription. | 71 | |
| 5633211338 | proximal | Nearer to the trunk of the body | 72 | |
| 5633213988 | distal | Farther from the trunk of the body | 73 | |
| 5633271994 | enhancers | A DNA sequence that recognizes certain transcription factors that can stimulate transcription of nearby genes. | 74 | |
| 5633278959 | repressor | A protein that suppresses the transcription of a gene. | 75 | |
| 5633284078 | primary transcript | An initial RNA transcript; also called pre-mRNA. | 76 | |
| 5633290370 | regulatory proteins | regulate the cell cycle both inside and outside the cell | 77 | |
| 5633294990 | selective degradation | The cell limits the longevity (or life span) of proteins. | 78 | |
| 5687039143 | Ubiquitin | A protein that attaches itself to faulty or misfolded proteins and thus targets them for destruction by proteasomes | 79 | |
| 5687084401 | repressible operon | normally on, but can be inhibited; normally anabolic, building an essential organic molecule | 80 | |
| 5687087404 | operon | A unit of genetic function common in bacteria and phages, consisting of coordinately regulated clusters of genes with related functions. | 81 | |
| 5687087405 | promoter | A specific nucleotide sequence in DNA that binds RNA polymerase and indicates where to start transcribing RNA. | 82 | |
| 5687087406 | regulator | An organism that uses energy to control its internal environment | 83 | |
| 5687093388 | corepresser | cooperates with represser protein to switch an operon off | 84 | |
| 5687093389 | inducible operon | An operon under positive control. It is usually "off" but can be turned "on". | 85 | |
| 5687093390 | inducer | A specific small molecule that inactivates the represser in an operon. | 86 | |
| 5687093391 | inducible enzymes | 87 | ||
| 5687097087 | catabolic pathways | 88 | ||
| 5687099816 | repressible enzymes | 89 | ||
| 5687105100 | anabolic pathways | 90 | ||
| 5687105101 | mRNA | A type of RNA, synthesized from DNA, that attaches to ribosomes in the cytoplasm and specifies the primary structure of a protein; also called messenger RNA. | 91 | |
| 5687105102 | tRNA | An RNA molecule that functions as an interpreter between nucleic acid and protein language by picking up specific amino acids and recognizing the appropriate codons in the mRNA |  | 92 |
| 5687108059 | rRNA | Ribosomal RNA | 93 | |
| 5687108060 | codon | A specific sequence of three adjacent bases on a strand of DNA or RNA that provides genetic code information for a particular amino acid |  | 94 |
| 5687108061 | anticodon | group of three bases on a tRNA molecule that are complementary to an mRNA codon |  | 95 |
| 5687111075 | transcription | (genetics) the organic process whereby the DNA sequence in a gene is copied into mRNA | 96 | |
| 5687111076 | translation | 97 | ||
| 5687111077 | ribosome | Cytoplasmic organelles at which proteins are synthesized. | 98 | |
| 5687114198 | protein | 99 | ||
| 5687114199 | polypeptide | 100 | ||
| 5687115274 | amino acid | Building blocks of protein | 101 | |
| 5687115275 | enzyme | A type of protein that speeds up a chemical reaction in a living thing | 102 | |
| 5687118144 | template | 103 | ||
| 5687126416 | RNA polymerase | 104 | ||
| 5687126418 | TATA box | 105 | ||
| 5687126419 | pre-mRNA | 106 | ||
| 5687131935 | G nucleotide 5' cap | 107 | ||
| 5687131936 | poly-A-tail | 108 | ||
| 5687132281 | introns | 109 | ||
| 5687134350 | exons | 110 | ||
| 5687134351 | RNA splicing | 111 | ||
| 5687136403 | splicesomes | 112 | ||
| 5687136404 | P site | 113 | ||
| 5687136405 | A site | 114 | ||
| 5687137482 | E site | 115 | ||
| 5687143020 | C terminus | 116 | ||
| 5687143197 | start codon AUG | 117 | ||
| 5687143198 | GTP | 118 | ||
| 5687143199 | robozymes | 119 | ||
| 5687147854 | nucleiod | 120 | ||
| 5687147855 | nucleosome | 121 | ||
| 5687151850 | heterochromatin | 122 | ||
| 5687153338 | euchromatin | 123 | ||
| 5687154763 | purine | 124 | ||
| 5687161007 | pyrimidine | 125 | ||
| 5687161008 | rosalind franklin | 126 | ||
| 5687161009 | chargaff's rules | 127 | ||
| 5687161010 | double helix | Structure of DNA |  | 128 |
| 5687161011 | semiconservative replication | 129 | ||
| 5687161012 | x-ray chromatography | 130 | ||
| 5687161013 | origins of replication | 131 | ||
| 5687161014 | replication fork | 132 | ||
| 5687161015 | helicase | 133 | ||
| 5687173823 | topoisomerase | 134 | ||
| 5687173824 | primer | 135 | ||
| 5687173825 | DNA polymerase | 136 | ||
| 5687176763 | leading strand | 137 | ||
| 5687176764 | lagging strand | 138 | ||
| 5687180047 | okazaki fragments | 139 | ||
| 5687180048 | ligase | 140 | ||
| 5687180049 | telomeres | 141 | ||
| 5687194023 | restriction enzyme | 142 | ||
| 5687194024 | genetic engineering | 143 | ||
| 5687203327 | plasmid | 144 | ||
| 5687203328 | RFLPs | 145 | ||
| 5687203329 | sticky ends | 146 | ||
| 5687203330 | PCR | 147 | ||
| 5687207979 | gel electrophoresis | 148 | ||
| 5687207980 | gene cloning | 149 | ||
| 5687211327 | cloning vector | 150 | ||
| 5687211328 | genomics | 151 | ||
| 5687214716 | DNA microarray assays | 152 | ||
| 5687218109 | transformation | 153 | ||
| 5687219807 | recombinant DNA | 154 | ||
| 5687219808 | fruit flies | 155 | ||
| 5687223099 | E. coli | 156 | ||
| 5687223100 | DNA | 157 | ||
| 5687223101 | chromosome | A threadlike, gene-carrying structure found in the nucleus. | 158 | |
| 5687227086 | chromatin | Clusters of DNA, RNA, and proteins in the nucleus of a cell | 159 | |
| 5687227087 | chromatid | one of two identical "sister" parts of a duplicated chromosome | 160 | |
| 5687227088 | centromere | Area where the chromatids of a chromosome are attached |  | 161 |
| 5687230953 | genetics | The scientific study of heredity | 162 | |
| 5687230954 | heredity | Passing of traits from parents to offspring | 163 | |
| 5687230955 | trait | A characteristic that an organism can pass on to its offspring through its genes. | 164 | |
| 5687230956 | mendel | 165 | ||
| 5687232168 | cyclins | A group of proteins whose function is to regulate the progression of a cell through the cell cycle and whose concentrations rise and fall throughout the cell cycle | 166 | |
| 5687232577 | spindles | 167 | ||
| 5687235210 | sister chromatids | 168 | ||
| 5687235211 | kinetochores | 169 | ||
| 5687238229 | haploid | 170 | ||
| 5687238230 | diploid | 171 | ||
| 5687238231 | somatic | 172 | ||
| 5687241012 | zygote | 173 | ||
| 5687241013 | mitosis | A process of nuclear division in eukaryotic cells conventionally divided into five stages: prophase, prometaphase, metaphase, anaphase, and telophase. Mitosis conserves chromosome number by equally allocating replicated chromosomes to each of the daughter nuclei. |  | 174 |
| 5687241014 | meiosis | Cell division that produces reproductive cells in sexually reproducing organisms |  | 175 |
| 5687241015 | fertilization | 176 | ||
| 5687247359 | synaptonemal complex | 177 | ||
| 5687247360 | crossing over | Process in which homologous chromosomes exchange portions of their chromatids during meiosis. | 178 | |
| 5687248024 | alternation of generations | 179 | ||
| 5687251147 | sporophyte | 180 | ||
| 5687255976 | gametophyte | 181 | ||
| 5687255977 | chiasmata | 182 | ||
| 5687256505 | genes | DNA segments that serve as the key functional units in hereditary transmission. | 183 | |
| 5687261903 | allele | An alternative form of a gene. | 184 | |
| 5687261904 | genotype | 185 | ||
| 5687261905 | phenotype | 186 | ||
| 5687261906 | dominant | 187 | ||
| 5687266370 | recessive | 188 | ||
| 5687266371 | homozygous | 189 | ||
| 5687267846 | heterozygous | 190 | ||
| 5687271775 | monohybrid cross | 191 | ||
| 5687275597 | dihybrid cross | 192 | ||
| 5687275598 | codominance | 193 | ||
| 5687275599 | incomplete dominance | 194 | ||
| 5687279570 | sex-linked traits | 195 | ||
| 5687279571 | locus | 196 | ||
| 5687279572 | autosome | 197 | ||
| 5687283899 | sex chromosomes | 198 | ||
| 5687283900 | karyotype | 199 | ||
| 5687283901 | pedigree | 200 | ||
| 5687289104 | law of segregation | 201 | ||
| 5687291968 | variation (genetic) | 202 | ||
| 5687295772 | law of independent assessment | 203 | ||
| 5687295773 | p generation | 204 | ||
| 5687299132 | F1 generation | 205 | ||
| 5687299133 | F2 generation | 206 | ||
| 5687299134 | test cross | 207 | ||
| 5687299891 | energy | 208 | ||
| 5687302733 | potential energy | 209 | ||
| 5687302734 | chemical energy | 210 | ||
| 5687306692 | kinetic energy | 211 | ||
| 5687306693 | heat | 212 | ||
| 5687306694 | membrane protein | 213 | ||
| 5687310059 | diffusion | 214 | ||
| 5687310060 | osmosis | 215 | ||
| 5687310945 | concentration | 216 | ||
| 5687314732 | tonicity | 217 | ||
| 5687314733 | isotonic | 218 | ||
| 5687315683 | hypertonic | 219 | ||
| 5687317824 | hypotonic | 220 | ||
| 5687317825 | signal transduction | 221 | ||
| 5687318253 | reception | 222 | ||
| 5690604036 | transduction | 223 | ||
| 5690607107 | response | 224 | ||
| 5690607108 | ligand | 225 | ||
| 5690612091 | g-coupled protein receptors | 226 | ||
| 5690616102 | intracellular receptor proteins | 227 | ||
| 5690616229 | protein kinases | 228 | ||
| 5690622295 | phosphorlyation | 229 | ||
| 5690622296 | cell theory | 230 | ||
| 5690625199 | electron microscope | 231 | ||
| 5690625200 | cytosol | 232 | ||
| 5690627768 | cytoplasm | 233 | ||
| 5698247094 | prokaryotic cell | 234 | ||
| 5698247095 | eukaryotic cell | 235 | ||
| 5698250851 | phospholipid | 236 | ||
| 5698250852 | plasma membrane | 237 | ||
| 5698250918 | metabolism | 238 | ||
| 5698253402 | organelle | 239 | ||
| 5698256823 | endomembrane system | 240 | ||
| 5698261179 | rough enoplasmic reticulum | 241 | ||
| 5698261180 | smooth endoplasmic reticulum | 242 | ||
| 5698263994 | glycoprotein | 243 | ||
| 5698263995 | golgi apparatus | 244 | ||
| 5698266250 | lysosome | 245 | ||
| 5698266251 | vacuoles | 246 | ||
| 5698270989 | peroxisomes | 247 | ||
| 5698270990 | ctyskeleton | 248 | ||
| 5698274237 | anchorage | 249 | ||
| 5698276959 | motor proteins | 250 | ||
| 5698276960 | microtubules | 251 | ||
| 5698279547 | microfilaments | 252 | ||
| 5698279548 | actin | 253 | ||
| 5698279549 | myosin | 254 | ||
| 5698282585 | intermediate filaments | 255 | ||
| 5698282586 | vesicles | 256 | ||
| 5698296425 | ribosomal RNA | 257 | ||
| 5698296426 | synthesis | 258 | ||
| 5698301676 | covalent bond | 259 | ||
| 5698301677 | hydrolysis | 260 | ||
| 5698303511 | element | 261 | ||
| 5698303512 | osmolarity | 262 | ||
| 5698305489 | hydrogen bond | 263 | ||
| 5698305490 | dehydration synthesis | 264 | ||
| 5698314465 | compound | 265 | ||
| 5698314466 | ionic bond | 266 | ||
| 5698317513 | polar / hydrophilic | 267 | ||
| 5698322395 | valence electrons | 268 | ||
| 5698331496 | nonpolar / hydrophobic | 269 | ||
| 5698331497 | electronegativity | 270 | ||
| 5698334361 | peptide bond | 271 | ||
| 5698339537 | receptor | 272 | ||
| 5698339538 | apoptosis | 273 | ||
| 5698347148 | hormone | 274 | ||
| 5698347149 | synapse | 275 | ||
| 5698349327 | negative feedback | 276 | ||
| 5698349328 | positive feedback | 277 | ||
| 5698351952 | homeostasis | 278 | ||
| 5698351953 | neurotransmitter | 279 | ||
| 5698356744 | endothermic / regulator | 280 | ||
| 5698359814 | ectothermic / conformer | 281 | ||
| 5698359815 | osmoregularity | 282 | ||
| 5698361894 | second messangers | 283 | ||
| 5698361895 | filtration | 284 | ||
| 5698363817 | reabsorption | 285 | ||
| 5698363818 | secretion | 286 | ||
| 5698369476 | carbohydrate | 287 | ||
| 5698373381 | lipid | 288 | ||
| 5698373382 | nucleic acid | 289 | ||
| 5698379123 | catabolic | 290 | ||
| 5698379124 | anabolic | 291 | ||
| 5698383835 | entropy | 292 | ||
| 5698385919 | exergonic | 293 | ||
| 5698385920 | endergonic | 294 | ||
| 5698388291 | ATP | 295 | ||
| 5698388292 | activation energy | 296 | ||
| 5698392677 | substrate | 297 | ||
| 5698392678 | reactant | 298 | ||
| 5698521180 | product | 299 | ||
| 5698655725 | cellular respiration | 300 | ||
| 5698655726 | glycolysis | 301 |
