Review of Big Idea 3A from AP
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| 710206386 | nucleotides | monomers of nucleic acids made up of a 5-carbon sugar, a phosphate group, and a nitrogenous base | 0 | |
| 710206414 | DNA | a long linear polymer found in the nucleus of a cell and formed from nucleotides and shaped like a double helix | 1 | |
| 145437804 | RNA | A type of nucleic acid consisting of nucleotide monomers with a ribose sugar and the nitrogenous bases adenine (A), cytosine (C), guanine (G), and uracil (U); usually single-stranded; functions in protein synthesis and as the genome of some viruses. | 2 | |
| 252197116 | base pairing | Principle that bonds in DNA can form only between adenine and thymine and between guanine and cytosine | 3 | |
| 25938790 | double helix | The form of native DNA, referring to its two adjacent polynucleotide strands wound into a spiral shape. | 4 | |
| 416192124 | DNA polymerase | An enzyme that catalyzes the elongation of new DNA (for example, at a replication fork) by addition of nucleotides to the 3' end of an existing chain | 5 | |
| 198904178 | RNA polymerase | An enzyme that links ribonucleotides into a growing RNA chain during transcription, based on complementary binding to nucleotides on a DNA template strand | 6 | |
| 807972423 | replication | Copying process by which a cell duplicates its DNA | 7 | |
| 380946164 | protein synthesis | Forming proteins based on information in DNA and carried out by RNA | 8 | |
| 710536780 | polypeptide | A polymer (chain) of many amino acids linked together by peptide bonds. | 9 | |
| 846903513 | amino acids | Building blocks of protein | 10 | |
| 652061954 | chromosomes | "Color Bodies"; contain genetic material and are located in the nucleus of cell. | 11 | |
| 403177560 | mRNA | A type of RNA, synthesized from DNA, that attaches to ribosomes in the cytoplasm and specifies the primary structure of a protein; also called messenger RNA. | 12 | |
| 513938823 | tRNA | short-chain RNA molecules present in the cell (in at least 20 varieties, each variety capable of combining with a specific amino acid) that attach the correct amino acid to the protein chain that is being synthesized at the ribosome of the cell (according | 13 | |
| 676268645 | rRNA | RNA molecules that, together with proteins, make up ribosomes; the most abundant type of RNA | 14 | |
| 194005322 | adenine | A double-ring nitrogenous base found in DNA and RNA. Pairs with Thymine. | 15 | |
| 148126031 | thymine | A single-ring nitrogenous base found only in DNA. Pairs with Adenine. | 16 | |
| 498911226 | cytosine | A single-ring nitrogenous base found in DNA and RNA. Pair with guanine | 17 | |
| 670037262 | guanine | A double-ring nitrogenous base found in DNA and RNA. Binds with cytosine. | 18 | |
| 605225021 | uracil | a nitrogen-containing base found in RNA (but not in DNA) and derived from pyrimidine. Binds with adenine | 19 | |
| 716983363 | codon | A specific sequence of three adjacent bases on a strand of DNA or RNA that provides genetic code information for a particular amino acid | 20 | |
| 467256758 | anticodon | group of three bases on a tRNA molecule that are complementary to an mRNA codon | 21 | |
| 857132823 | intron | A segment of a gene situated between exons that is removed before translation of messenger RNA and does not function in coding for protein synthesis. | 22 | |
| 69558475 | exon | A sequence within a primary transcript that remains in the RNA after RNA processing; also refers to the region of DNA from which this sequence was transcribed | 23 | |
| 711910513 | promoter | A specific nucleotide sequence in the DNA of a gene that binds RNA polymerase, positioning it to start transcribing RNA at the appropriate place. | 24 | |
| 617054173 | histone | A small protein with a high proportion of positively charged amino acids that binds to the negatively charged DNA and plays a key role in chromatin structure | 25 | |
| 572881306 | nucleosome | The basic, bead-like unit of DNA packing in eukaryotes, consisting of a segment of DNA wound around a protein core composed of two copies of each of four types of histone. | 26 | |
| 145154075 | ribosome | A complex of rRNA and protein molecules that functions as a site of protein synthesis in the cytoplasm; consists of a large and a small subunit. In eukaryotic cells, each subunit is assembled in the nucleolus | 27 | |
| 213105032 | translation | The synthesis of a polypeptide using the genetic information encoded in a mRNA molecule. There is a change of "language" from nucleotides to amino acids. | 28 | |
| 363597840 | transcription | The synthesis of RNA using a DNA template. | 29 | |
| 457563647 | transformation | A change in genotype and phenotype due to the assimilation of external DNA by a cell. | 30 | |
| 193015602 | eukaryote | A cell that contains a nucleus and membrane bound organelles | 31 | |
| 254563777 | prokaryote | A unicellular organism that lacks a nucleus and membrane bound organelles | 32 | |
| 201048525 | mutation | A change in the nucleotide sequence of an organism's DNA or in the DNA or RNA of a virus. | 33 | |
| 593252022 | gene mutation | A change in the sequence of the bases in a gene, which changes the structure of the polypeptide that the gene codes for. | 34 | |
| 1320494441 | chromosomal mutation | A change in the chromosome structure, resulting in new gene combinations. | 35 | |
| 875164453 | substitution | A type of point mutation; the replacement of one nucleotide and its partner in the complementary DNA strand by another pair of nucleotides. | 36 | |
| 233458455 | deletion | a type of gene mutation in which a nucleotide is deleted | 37 | |
| 243276571 | insertion | A mutation involving the addition of one or more nucleotides pairs to a gene. | 38 | |
| 17392237 | duplication | An aberration in chromosome structure due to the fusion with a fragment from a homologous chromosome, such that a portion of the chromosome is duplicated | 39 | |
| 545438561 | inversion | An aberration in chromosome structure resulting from reattachment of a chromosomal fragment in a reverse orientation to the chromosome from which it originated. | 40 | |
| 13234119 | translocation | An aberration in chromosome structure resulting from attachment of a chromosomal fragment to a nonhomologous chromosome. | 41 | |
| 763546596 | terminator | In bacteria, a sequence of nucleotides in DNA that marks the end of a gene and signals RNA polymerase to release the newly made RNA molecule and detach from the DNA. | 42 | |
| 1009894364 | bacteriophage | A virus that infects bacteria; also called a phage. | 43 | |
| 994994449 | TATA box | A promoter DNA sequence crucial in forming the transcription initiation complex. | 44 | |
| 249851904 | Central dogma | DNA -> RNA -> Protein | 45 | |
| 781278540 | James Watson and Francis Crick | 1953. Built first accepted DNA model explaining specific structure and properties of DNA. | 46 | |
| 377575118 | Frederick Griffith | British Medical officer who performed experiment using 2 varieties of (streptococcus pneumonia) , pathogenic/ non pathogenic, that led to discovery of DNA, concluded there was is a TRANSFORMATION from dead bacteria to live bacteria, studied the transforming substance | 47 | |
| 132873957 | Rosalind Franklin | Woman who generated x-ray images of DNA, she povided Watson and Crick with key data about DNA | 48 | |
| 585405394 | Alfred Hershey and Martha Chase | Determined that genetic DNA, not protein, was the genetic material using experiments about bacteriophages | 49 |
