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167555740abiotic componentsthe nonliving player in an ecosystem, such as climate and nutrients
167555741absisic acidplant hormones that inhibits cell growth, prevents premature germination, and stimulates the closing of the stomata
167555742achondroplasiaautosomal dominant from of dwarfism seen in 1 of 10,000 people
167555743active sitepart of the enzyme that interacts with the substrate in an enzyme- substrate complex
167555744active transportthe movement of a particle across a selectively permeable membrane against its concentration gradient requires energy
167555745adaptationa trait, that if altered, affects the fitness of the organism. result of natural selection and can include not only physical traits such as eyes and fingernails, but also the intangible traits of organisms, such as lifespan.
167555746adaptive radiationa rapid series of speciation events that occur when one or more ancestral species invades a new environment
167555747adrencorticotropic hormone (ACTH)a hormone that stimulates the secretion of adrenal cortical hormones, which work to maintain electrolytic homeostasis in the body
167555748aerobic respirationenergy-producing reaction in animals that involve three stages; glycolysis, the Krebs cycle, and oxidative phosphorylation. Requires oxygen
167555749age structurestatistic that compares the relative numbers of individuals in the population from each age group
167555750agnistic behaviourbehavior hat results from a conflict of interest between individuals; often involves intimidation and submission
167555751alcoholorganic compound that contains a hydroxyl (-OH) functional group
167555752alcohol fermentationoccurs in fungi, yeast, and bacteria. Pyruvate is converted in 2 steps to ethanol, regeneration 2 molecules of NAD+
167555753aldehydecarbonyl group in which one R is a hydrogen and the other is a carbon chain. Hydrophilic and polar
167555754aldosteronerelease from the adrenal gland, this hormone acts on the distal tubules to cause the re-absorption of more Na+ and water. This increases blood volume and pressure.
167555755allantoistransports waste products in mammals to the placenta. Later it is incorporated into the umbilical cord
167555756allelea variant of a gene for a particular character
167555757allopatric speciationinterbreeding ceases because some sort of barrier separates a single population into two (an area with no food, a mountain, road, etc) The 2 populations evolve independently, and if they change enough, then, even if the barrier is removed, they can't interbreed
167555758alternation of generationsplant life cycle, so named because during the cycle, plants sometimes exist in the diploid organism and at other times as a haploid organism
167555759altruistic behaviorbehavior pattern that reduces the overall fitness of one organism while increasing the fitness of another
167555760alveolifunctional unit in the lung where gas exchange occurs
167555761aminescompounds containing amino groups
167555762amino acida compound with a carbon center surrounded by an amino group, a carboxyl group, a hydrogen, and an R group that provides an amino acid's unique chemical characteristics
167555763aminoacyl tRNA synthetaseenzyme that makes sure that each tRNA molecule picks up the appropriate amino acid for its anticodon
167555764amino groupa functional group that contains -NH2 and that acts as a base; an example is an amino acid
167555765amnionstructure formed from epiblast that encloses the fluid-filled cavity that helps cushion the developing embryo
167555766amygdalathe portion of the human brain that controls impulsive emotions and anger
167555767amylaseenzyme that breaks down the starches in the human diet to simpler sugars, such as maltose, which are fully digested further down in the intestines
167555768anaerobic respirationenergy-producing reactions, AKA fermentation, that do not involve oxygen. It begins with glycolysis and concludes with the formation of NAD+
167555769anemiaillness in which a lack of iron causes red blood cells to have a diminished capacity for delivering oxygen
167555770aneuploidythe condition of having an abnormal number of chromosomes
167555771angiospermflowering plants divided into monocots and dicots
167555772anionion with a negative charge that contains more electrons that protons
167555773anterior pituitary glandstructure that produces 6 hormones; TSH, STH( or HGH), ACTH, LH, FSH, and prolaction
167555774antherpollen producing portion of the plant
167555775antheridiamale gametangia in bryophytes and ferns designed to produce flagellated sperm that swim to meet up with the eggs produced by the female gametangia
167555776anticodonregion present at the tRNA attachment site; a three- nucleotide sequence that is perfectly complementary to a particular codon
167555777anti-diuretic hormone (ADH)a hormone produced in the brain and stored in the pituitary glad; it increases the permeability of the collecting duct to water, leading to more concentrated urine content.
167555778antigena molecule that is foreign to our bodies and causes our immune system to respond
167555779apical meristemregion at the tip of roots and shoots where plant growth is concentrated and many actively dividing cells can be found here
167555780apoplast pathwaymovement of water and nutrients through the nonliving portions of cells
167555781aposematic colorationwarning coloration adopted by animals that possess a chemical defense mechanism
167555782archaebacteriaone of two major prokaryotic evolutionary branches. These organisms tend to live in extreme environments and include halophiles, methanogens, and thermoacidphiles
167555783archegoniumfemale gametangia in bryophytes, ferns, and gymnosperms
167555784archezoaeukaryotic organism that allegedly most closely resembles prokaryotes
167555785arteriesstructures that carry blood away from the heart
167555786artificial selectionwhen humans become the agents of natural selection (breeding of dogs)
167555787ascosporeshaploid meiotic products produced by a certain fungi
167555788A siteregion on protein synthesis machinery that holds the tRNA carrying the next amino acid
167555789associative learningprocess by which animals take one stimulus and associate it with another
167555790atomthe smallest form of an element that still displays its unique qualities
167555791ATP synthaseenzyme that uses the flow of hydrogen to drive the phosphorylation of an ADP molecule to an ATP molecule
167555792auditory communicationcommunication that involves the use of sound in conveying a message
167555793autonomic nervous system (ANS)a subdivision of the peripheral nervous system (PNS) that controls the involuntary activities of the body: smooth muscle, cardiac muscle, and glands. The ANS is divided into the sympathetic and parasympathetic divisions.
167555794autosomal chromosomeone that is not directly involved in determining gender
167555795autotrophan organism that is self- nourishing. It obtains carbon and energy without ingesting other organisms
167555796auxinplant hormone that leads to elongation of stems and plays a role in phototropism and gravitropism
167555797axona longer extension that leaves a neuron and carries the impulse away from the cell body toward target cells
167555798balanced polymorphismwhen there are two or more phenotypic variants maintained in a population
167555799bare-rock successionthe attachment of lichen to rocks, followed by step-by-step arrival of replacement species
167555800Barr bodiesinactivated genes on the X chromosome
167555801Batesian mimicryan animal that is harmless copies the appearance of an animal that is dangerous as a defense mechanism to make predators think twice before attacking
167555802behavioral ecologyscience that studies the inter action between animals and their environments from an evolutionary prospective
167555803bilesubstance that contains bile salts, phospholipids, cholesterol, and bile pigments such as bilirubin, is stored in the gallbladder, and is dumped into the small intestine on the arrival of the food.
167555804bile saltshelp to mechanically digest fat by emulsifying it into small droplets contained in water
167555805binary fissionmechanism by which prokaryotic cells divide. The cell elongates and pinches into two new daughter cells
167555806binomial system of classificationsystem created by Linnaeus in which each species is given a two-word name; Genus+ species
167555807biogeochemical cyclescycles that represent the movement of elements, such as nitrogen and carbon, from organisms to the environment and back in a continuous cycle.
167555808biomass pyramidbiomass represents the cumulative weight of all of members of a given tropic level
167555809biomethe various geographic regions of the Earth that serve as hosts for ecosystems
167654643biospherethe entire life- containing area of a planet- all ecosystems and communities
167654644biotic componentsliving organisms of an ecosystem
167654645biotic potentialthe maximum growth rate for a population given unlimited resources, unlimited space, and lack of competition or predators
167654646birth rateoffspring produced per a specific time period
167654647bivalvesmollusks with hinged shells such as oysters and clams
167654648blastulaas a morula undergoes its next round of cell divisions, fluid fills its center to create this hollow looking structure
167654649"blending" hypothesistheory that the genes contributed by 2 parents mix as if they are paint colors and the exact genetic makeup of each parent can never be recovered' the genes are as inseparable as blended paint.
167654650bottlenecka dramatic reduction in population size that increases the likelihood of genetic drift
167654651bronchitunnels that branch off the trachea that lead into the individual lungs and divide into smaller branches called bronchioles
167654652bronchiolestiny lung tunnels that branch repeatedly until they conclude as tiny air pockets containing alveoli
167654653brush borderlarge numbers of microvilli that increase the surface area of teh small intestine to improve absorption efficiency
167654654bryophyetsthe first land plants to evolve from the chlorophytes. Members of this group include mosses, liverworts, and hornworts
167654655bundle sheath cellscells that are tightly wrapped around teh veins of a leaf. They are the site for the Calvin Cycle in C4 plants
167654656C4 photosynthesisphotosynthetic process that alters the way in which carbon is fixed to better deal with teh lack of CO2 that comes from the closing of the stomata in hot, dry regions
167654657C4 plantsplant that has adapted its photosynthetic process to more efficiently handle hot and dry conditions
167654658calvin cyclea name for the light-independent (dark) reactions of photosynthesis
167654659CAM photosynthesisplants close their stomata during the day, collect CO2 at night, and store the CO2 in the form of acids until it is needed during the day for photosynthesis
167654660capsida protein shell that surrounds genetic material
167654661carbohydrateorganic compound used by the cells of a human body in energy- producing reactions and as structural material. The three main types of carbs are monosaccharides, disaccharides, and polysaccharides
167654662carbon cyclesthe movement of carbon from the atmosphere to living organisms and back to the environment in a continuous cycle
167654663carbon fixationthe attachment of teh carbon from CO2 to a molecule that is able to enter the Calvin Cycle, assisted by rubisco
167654664carbonyl groupa functional group that is hydrophilic and polar. It has a central carbon connected to R groups on either side. If both R's are carbon chains, it is a ketone. If one $ is a hydrogen and teh other is a carbon chain, it is an aldehyde
167654665carboxyl groupan acidic functional group (COOH) This functional group shows up along with amino groups in amino acids
167654666cardiac musclesinvoluntary muscle of the heart that is striated in appearance and contains multiple nuclei
167654667carnivorea consumer that obtains energy and nutrients through consumption of other animals
167654668carotenoida photosynthetic pigment
167654669carrying capacitythe maximum number of individuals a population can sustain in a given environment
167654670casparian stripobstacle that blocks the passage of water through the endodermis of plants
167654671catalaseenzyme that assists in the conversion of hydrogen peroxide to water and oxygen. Found in peroxisomes
167654672catalystsmolecules that speed up reactions by lowering the activation energy of a reaction
167654673cationsions with a positive charge that contains more protons than electrons
167654674cell bodythe main body of teh neuron
167654675cell cyclea cycle that consists of 4 stages; G1, S, G2, and M. G1 and G2 are growth stages, S is the part of the cell cycle in which DNA is duplicated, and teh M phase stands for mitosis- the cell division stage
167654676cell- mediated immunitythis type of immunity involves direct cellular response to invasion as opposed to antibody- based defense
167654677cell plateplant cell structure construced in teh Golgi apparatus composed of vesicles that fuse together along the middle of the cell, completing the separation process
167654678cellular slime moldsprotists with a unique eating strategy. when plenty of food is available, they eat alone. When food is scarce, they clump together and form a unit.
167654679cellulosepolysaccharide composed of glucose used by plants to form cell walls
167654680cell wallwall that functions to shape and protect cells. present in plant but not animal cells
167654681central nervous system (CNS)made up of the brain and spinal cord. controsl skeletal muscles and voluntary movement
167750780cephalizationthe concentration of sensory machinery in the anterior end of a bilateral organism
167750781cerebellumportion of the brain that controls functions such as speech, hearing, sight, and motor control. Divided into two hemispheres and four lobes per hemisphere
167750782cervixthe uterus connects to the vaginal opening via this narrowed region
167750783charactera heritable feature, such as flower color, that varies among individuals
167750784checkpointsstop points throughout the cell cycle where the cell verifies that there are enough nutrients to progess to the next stage of the cycle
167750785chemical communicationsmammals and insects communicate throught the use of chemical signals called pheromones
167750786chemiosmosisthe coupling of the movement of electrons down the formation of ATP using the driving force provided by the proton gradient. seen in both photosynthesis and respiration
167750787chemoautotrophsautotrophs that produce energy through oxidation of inorganic substances
167750788chitinpolysaccharide that is an important part of the exoskeletons of arthropods such as insects, spiders, and shellfish
167750789cholrophylla photosynthetic pigment
167750790chlorophytesgreen algae that are probably the common ancestors of land plants
167750791chloroplastthe site of photosynthesis and energy production in plant cells and algae
167750792choanoflagellateaccepted to be the common ancestor of the animal kingdom
167750793choicerefers to the selection of mates by one sex (in mammals, it is usually females who exercise choice over mates)
167750794choice chamberchamber used in scientific experiments to study kinesis
167750795cholesterolsteroid that is important structural component of the cell membranes and serves as a precursor molecule for steroid sex hormones
167750796chorionformed from the trophoblast, it is the outer membrane of the embryo and the site of implantation onto teh endometrium. It contributes to formation of the placenta in mammals
167750797chromatinthe raw material that gives rise to the chromosomes (genetic material is uncoiled)
167750798chromosomal translocationscondition's in which a piece of one chromosome is attached to another non-homologous chromosme
167750799chromosome inversionscondiditon in which a piece of chromosome separates and reattaches in the opposite direction
167750800chronic myelogenous leukemiaa cancer affecting white blood cell precursor cells. In this disease, a portion of chromosome 22 has been swapped with a piece chromosome 9.
167750801chymotrypsinenzyme that cuts protein bonds in the small intestine
167750802ciliastructures that eat in rhythmical waves to carry foreign particles and mucus away from the lungs
167750803circadian rhythma physiological cycle that occurs in time increments that are roughly equivalent to the length of a day`
167750804class 1 histocompatability anitgensthe surface of all the cells of the human body, except for red blood cells of the human body, have these antigens, which are slightly different for each individual . The immune system accepts any cell that has the identical match for this antigen as friendly. Anything with a different major histocompatibility complex is foreign
167750805class 2 histocompatibility antigensantigens found on the surface of the immune cells of the body. These antigens play a role in the interaction between the cells of the immune system
167750806classical conditioningtype of associative learning that Ivan Pavlov demonstrated with his experiments involving salvation in dogs
167750807cleavage divisionsdeveloping embryo divides; cytoplasm is distributed unevenly to the daughter cells while the genetic information is distributed equally
167750808cleavage furrowgroove formed, in animal cells between the two daughter cells; this groove pinches together to complete the separation of the two cells after mitosis
167750809climax communityfinal stable stage at the completion of the succession cycle
167750810clumped dispersionscenario in which individuals live in packs that are spaced out from eachother.
167750811codominanceboth alleles express themselves fully in a heterozygous organism
167750812codona triplet of nucleotides that codes for a particular amino acid
167750813coefficient of relatednessstatistic that represents the average proportion of genes that two individuals have in common
167750814coelomfluid- filled body cavity found between the body wall and teh gut that has a lining and is derived from the mesoderm
167750815coelomatesanimals that contain a true coelum
167750816coencytic fungifungi that does not contain septae
167750817coevolutionthe mutual evolution between two species, which is exemplified by predator-prey relationships
167750818coleoptileprotective structure found around a grass seedling
167750819collenchyma cellslive plant cells that provide flexible and mechanical support
167750820commensalismone organism benefits from the relationship while the other in unaffected
167750821communitya collection of populations of species in a given geographic area
167750822competentdescribes a cell that is ready to accept foreign DNA from the environment
167750823competitionboth involved are harmed by this kind of interaction. The two major forms of competition are intraspefiic and interspefic competition
167750824competitive inhibitioncondition in which an inhibitor molecule resembling the substrate binds to the active site and physically blocks the substrate from attaching
167750825complementa protein that coats cells that need to be cleared, stimulating phagocytes to ingest them
167750826compoundsentities that are formed as a result of the combination of elements
167750827conductionprocess by which heat moves from a place of higher temperature to a place of lower temperature
167750828conifersgymnosperm plants whose reproductive structure is a cone
167750829conjugationthe transfer of DNA between two bacterial cells connected by appendages called sex pili
167750830conservative DNA replicationthe original double helix of DNA does not change at all. It is as if the DNA is placed on a copy machine and and exact duplicate is made. DNA from another parent appears in only one of the two daughter cells
167750831convectionheat transfer caused by airflow
167750832convergent characterscharacters are convergent if they look the same in two species, even though the species do not have a common ancestor
167750833cork cambiumarea that produces a think cover for stems and roots. It produces tissue that replaces dried-up epidermis lost during secondary growth
167750834cork cellscells produced by cork cambium that die and form a protective barrier against infection and physical damage
167750835corpus callosumbridge that connects the two hemispheres of the brain
167750836cortexthe outer region of the kidney or adrenal gland
167750837cortisolstress hormones releasae in response to physological challenges
167750838cotyledonstructure that provides nutrients for a developing angiosperm plant
167750839cri-du-chatsyndrome that occurs with a deletion of chromosome 5 that leads to mental retardation, unusual facial features, and a small head. Most die in infancy or early childhood
167750840crossoverwhen homologous pairs match up during prophase 1 of meiosis, complementary pieces from teh two homologous chromosomes wrap around each other and exchange between the chromosomes. This is a mechanism that allows them to differ from their parents
167765652cryptic colorationthose being hunted adopt a coloring scheme that allows them to blend into the colors of the environment
167765653cuticlewaxy covering that protects terresterial plants against water loss
167765654cutinwaxy coat that protects plants
167765655cyclic light reactionspather that produces only ATP and uses only PS1
167765656cyclinprotein that accumulates during interphase vital to cell cycle control
167765657cystic fibrosisa recessive disorder that is teh most common lethal genetic disease in the US. A defective version of a gene on a chromosome 7 results in the excessive secretion of a think mucus, which accumulates in the lungs and digestive tract. Left untreated, children with this die at a very young age.
167765658cytokinesisthe physical separation of the newly formed daughter cells during meiosis and mitosis. Occurs immediately after Telophase
167765659cytokininplant hormone that promotes cell division and leaf enlargement, and slows down the aging of leaves
167765660cytoskeletonprovides support, shape, and mobility to cells
167765661death ratethe number of deaths per time period
167765662deceptive markingspatterns that can cause a predator to think twice before attacking, such as some insects may have colored designs on their wings that resemble large eyes, making individuals look more imposing then they are
167765663dehydration reactiona reaction in which two compounds merge releasing, H2O as a product
167765664deletiona piece of the chromosome is lost in the development process
167765665demographersscientists who study the theory and statistics behind population growth and decline
167765666dendriteone of many short, branched processes of a neuron that help send the nerve impluses toward the cell body
167765667dentrificationthe process by which bacteria use nitrates and release n2 as a product
167765668density-dependent inhibitionwhen a certain density of cells is reached, cell growth will slow or stop. This is because there are not enough raw materials for the growth and survival of more cells
167765669density- dependent limiting factorsfactors related to population size that come into play as population size approaches or passes carrying capacity. Examples include food, waste, and disease.
167765670density-independent limiting factorsfactors that limit population growth that have nothing to do with the population size, such as natural disease and weather
167765671depolarizationthe electric potential becomes less negative inside the cell, allowing action potential to occur
167765672desertthe driest land biome on Earth, which experiences a wide range of temperatures from day to night and exists on nearly every continent
167765673detritivoreAKA decomposer a consumer that obtains its energy through the consumption of dead animals and plants
167765674dicotan angiosperm plant that has 2 cotyledons
167765675diffusionthe movement of molecules down their concentration gradients without the use of energy. Its a passive process by which molecules move from a a region of higher concentration to a region of lower concentration
167765676dihybrid crossthe crossing of 2 different characters ( BbRr X BbRr). A dihybrid cross between heteroaygous gametes gives a 9; 3; 3; 1 phenotype ratio in the offspring
167765677diploid (2n)an organism that has 2 copies of each type of chromosome. in humans, this refers to the paris of homologous chromosomes.

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