Photosynthesis
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| 8308841992 | photosynthesis (definition) | process of harnessing light energy to build carbohydrates in autotrophs (ex. plants, cyanobacteria) |  | 0 |
| 8308841993 | photosynthesis (equation) | 6 CO2 + 6 H2O + light energy --> C6H12O6 + 6 O2 | 1 | |
| 8308841994 | autotroph | organism that can capture energy from sunlight or chemicals and use it to produce its own food (producer) |  | 2 |
| 8308841995 | heterotroph | organism that cannot produce its own food and therefore obtains it by consuming other living things (consumer) |  | 3 |
| 8308841996 | anabolic | What kind of a process is photosynthesis? |  | 4 |
| 8308841997 | catabolic | What kind of a process is cellular respiration? |  | 5 |
| 8308841998 | light-dependent reactions | 1st step of photosynthesis during which light energy is captured and used to synthesize ATP and NADPH |  | 6 |
| 8308841999 | light-independent reactions | 2nd step of photosynthesis during which CO2 is incorporated into a sugar molecule using ATP and NADPH produced during the first step |  | 7 |
| 8308842000 | thylakoid membranes of chloroplasts | location of light-dependent reactions | 8 | |
| 8308842001 | stroma of chloroplasts | location of light-independent reactions | 9 | |
| 8308842002 | G3P | carbon product of the light-independent reactions |  | 10 |
| 8308842003 | photon | quantum (discrete quantity) of electromagnetic radiation (light energy) with both wave and particle properties |  | 11 |
| 8308842004 | inverse | What is the relationship between wavelength and energy? | 12 | |
| 8308842005 | pigments | substances that can absorb, reflect, or transmit light | 13 | |
| 8308842006 | absorption spectrum | graph of a pigment's ability to absorb various wavelengths of light |  | 14 |
| 8308842007 | violet, blue and red | Which wavelengths of the visible light spectrum do chlorophylls absorb? | 15 | |
| 8308842008 | green and yellow | Which wavelengths of the visible light spectrum do chlorophylls reflect? | 16 | |
| 8308842009 | carotenoids | accessory pigments in chloroplasts that broaden the spectrum of colors used in photosynthesis |  | 17 |
| 8308842010 | mesophyll | ground tissue of a leaf, sandwiched between upper and lower epidermis that specializes in photosynthesis |  | 18 |
| 8308842011 | chlorophyll b | pigment, green/olive, in chloroplast |  | 19 |
| 8308842012 | chlorophyll a | pigment, blue/green, in chloroplast |  | 20 |
| 8308842013 | excited state | when absorbed photon energy causes electron to move away from nucleus | | 21 |
| 8308842014 | photosystems | photosynthetic pigments embedded with protein complexes in the thylakoid membrane | | 22 |
| 8308842015 | water | splitting this molecule replaces electrons which are excited and passed to primary electron acceptor in PSII | 23 | |
| 8308842016 | O2 | released as a byproduct of splitting water | 24 | |
| 8308842017 | proton-motive force | created by pumping hydrogen ions from stroma to thylakoid space during electron transport chain between PS II and PS I |  | 25 |
| 8308842018 | ATP synthase | enzyme that synthesies ATP by utilizing a proton-motive force |  | 26 |
| 8308842019 | Calvin cycle, dark reactions, and carbon fixation | other names for light independent reactions |  | 27 |
| 8308842020 | 3 steps of light independent reaction | carbon fixation, reduction, regeneration of RuBP |  | 28 |
| 8308842021 | reduction | step in Calvin cycle that produces sugar G3P | 29 | |
| 8308842022 | carbon dioxide | molecule reduced in Calvin cycle to produce sugar | 30 | |
| 8308842023 | thylakoids | flattened membranous sacs inside chloroplasts that contain systems which convert light energy to chemical energy |  | 31 |
| 8308842024 | absorbed | energy is ____________ in photosynthesis | 32 | |
| 8308842025 | released | energy is _____________ in cellular respiration | 33 | |
| 8308842026 | glucose and oxygen | reactants of cellular respiration | 34 | |
| 8308842027 | carbon dioxide and water | reactants of photosynthesis | 35 | |
| 8308842028 | glucose | source of electrons used in ETC of cellular respiration | 36 | |
| 8308842029 | intermembrane space | site of proton gradient built up in cellular respiration | 37 | |
| 8308842030 | thylakoid space | site of proton gradient built up in photosynthesis | 38 | |
| 8308842031 | NAD+ and FAD | high energy electron carrier(s) before reduction in cellular respiration (after they drop off electrons at ETC) | 39 | |
| 8308842032 | NADH and FADH2 | high energy electron carrier(s) after reduction in cellular respiration (after they pick up electrons from Kreb's cycle) | 40 | |
| 8308842033 | NADP+ | high energy electron carrier(s ) before reduction in photosynthesis (after they drop off electrons for Calvin cycle) |  | 41 |
| 8308842034 | NADPH | high energy electron carrier(s ) after reduction in photosynthesis (after they pick up electrons from ETC) |  | 42 |
| 8308842035 | ATP | energy product(s) from ETC in cellular respiration |  | 43 |
| 8308842036 | ATP and NADPH | energy product(s) from ETC in photosynthesis |  | 44 |
| 8308842037 | glucose, NADH and FADH2 | reactant(s) oxidized in cellular respiration | 45 | |
| 8308842038 | H2O | reactant(s) oxidized in photosynthesis (source of electrons) | 46 | |
| 8308842039 | cyclic electron flow | light dependent reactions using only photosystem I to pump protons and generate excess ATP |  | 47 |
| 8308842040 | linear electron flow | light dependent reactions involving both photosystems; electrons from H2O are used to reduce NADP to NADPH |  | 48 |
| 8308842041 | RuBisCo | enzyme with affinity for both CO2 and O2 that catalyzes first step of Calvin cycle by adding CO2 to ribulose bisphosphate (RuBP) | 49 | |
| 8308842042 | stomata | pore-like openings on underside of leaves that allow gases (CO2 and O2) and water to diffuse in and out |  | 50 |
| 8308842043 | bundle-sheath cells | tightly packed around the veins of a leaf (site of Calvin cycle in C4 plants) |  | 51 |
| 8308842044 | photorespiration | occurs on hot, dry days when stomata close, O2 accumulates and Rubisco fixes O2 rather than CO2, using up ATP, O2 and sugars |  | 52 |
| 8308842045 | C3 plants | do not separately fix CO2 and use RuBisCo in Calvin Cycle |  | 53 |
| 8308842046 | C4 plants | spatially separate carbon fixation (mesophyll cells) from Calvin Cycle (bundle-sheath cells); use PEP carboxylase instead of RuBisCo to fix CO2 |  | 54 |
| 8308842047 | CAM plants | temporally separate carbon fixation (day) and Calvin Cycle (night); use PEP carboxylase instead of RuBisCo to fix CO2 |  | 55 |
