AP Biology Eighth Edition Chapter Nine Vocabulary with Italicized Words Defined Also.
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| 1096785327 | Fermentation | A partial degradation of sugars that occurs without the use of oxygen. | 0 | |
| 1096785328 | Aerobic Respiration | Most prevalent and efficient catholic pathway. Oxygen is consumed as a reactant along with organic fuel. Respiration that requires oxygen. | 1 | |
| 1096785329 | Anaerobic Respiration | Respiration that does not require oxygen. | 2 | |
| 1096785330 | Cellular Respiration | Process that releases energy by breaking down glucose and other food molecules in the presence of oxygen. Includes both Aerobic and Anaerobic processes. | 3 | |
| 1096785331 | Redox Reaction | A chemical reaction involving the transfer of one or more electrons from one reactant to another; also called oxidation-reduction reaction. | 4 | |
| 1096785332 | Oxidation | Chemical reaction in which electrons are lost. | 5 | |
| 1096785333 | Reduction | Addition of electrons to another substance. | 6 | |
| 1096785334 | Reducing Agent | The electron donor in a redox reaction. | 7 | |
| 1096785335 | Oxidizing Agent | The electron acceptor in a redox reaction. | 8 | |
| 1096785336 | NAD+ | (nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide) electron carrier involved in glycolysis, functions as an oxidizing agent during respiration. | 9 | |
| 1096785337 | Electron Transport Chain | A sequence of electron carrier molecules (membrane proteins) that shuttle electrons during the redox reactions that release energy used to make ATP. | 10 | |
| 1096785338 | Glycolysis | Biochemical pathway that breaks down glucose to pyruvate. | 11 | |
| 1096785339 | Oxidative Phosphorylation | The production of ATP using energy derived from the redox reactions of an electron transport chain. | 12 | |
| 1096785340 | Substrate-level Phosphorylation | The formation of ATP by directly transferring a phosphate group to ADP from an intermediate substrate in catabolism. | 13 | |
| 1096785341 | Glycolsis | Sugar splitting. | 14 | |
| 1096785342 | Acetyl CoA | Acetyl coenzyme A; the entry compound for the citric acid cycle in cellular respiration, formed from a fragment of pyruvate attached to a coenzyme. | 15 | |
| 1096785343 | Prosthetic Group | A non-protein, but organic, molecule (such as vitamin) that is covalently bound to an enzyme as part of the active site. | 16 | |
| 1096785344 | Cytochromes | An iron-containing protein that is a component of electron transport chains in the mitochondria and chloroplasts of eukaryotic cells and the plasma membranes of prokaryotic cells. | 17 | |
| 1096785345 | ATP Synthase | Large protein that uses energy from H+ ions to bind ADP and a phosphate group together to produce ATP. | 18 | |
| 1096785346 | Chemiosmosis | An energy-coupling mechanism that uses energy stored in the form of a hydrogen ion gradient across a membrane to drive cellular work, such as the synthesis of ATP. Most ATP synthesis in cells occurs by chemiosmosis. | 19 | |
| 1096785347 | Osmosis | Previously used in the discussion of water transport, but here it refers to the flow of H+ across a membrane. | 20 | |
| 1096785348 | Nanotechnology | the branch of engineering that deals with things smaller than 100 nanometers (especially with the manipulation of individual molecules), involves control of matter on the molecular scale. | 21 | |
| 1096785349 | Proton-Motive Force | The potential energy stored in the form of an electrochemical gradient, generated by the pumping of hydrogen ions across biological membranes during chemiosmosis. | 22 | |
| 1096785350 | Alcohol Fermentation | The conversion of pyruvate to carbon dioxide and ethyl alcohol. | 23 | |
| 1096785351 | Lactic Acid Fermentation | Glycolysis followed by the conversion of pyruvate to lactate, with no release of carbon dioxide. | 24 | |
| 1096785352 | Obligate Anaerobes | An organism that only carries out fermentation or anaerobic respiration. Such organisms cannot use oxygen and in fact may be poisoned by it. | 25 | |
| 1096785353 | Facultative Anaerobes | An organism that makes ATP by aerobic respiration if oxygen is present but that switches to anaerobic respiration or fermentation if oxygen is not present. | 26 | |
| 1096785354 | Beta Oxidation | A metabolic sequence that breaks fatty acids down to two-carbon fragments which enter the Krebs cycle as acetyl CoA. | 27 |
