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| 7913356654 | entropy | A measure of disorder or randomness. |  | 0 |
| 7913356655 | endergonic reaction | Reaction that absorbs free energy from its surroundings. |  | 1 |
| 7913356656 | exergonic reaction | Reaction that proceeds with a net release of free energy. |  | 2 |
| 7913356657 | ATP (adenosine triphosphate) | Composed of a sugar ribose, nitrogenous base adenine, and a chain of three phosphate groups bonded to it. |  | 3 |
| 7913356658 | endothermic | Animals that are warmed mostly by heat generated by metabolism. |  | 4 |
| 7913356659 | ectothermic | Animals that gain heat mostly from external sources. |  | 5 |
| 7913356660 | homeostasis | "Steady state" or "constant internal milieu". |  | 6 |
| 7913356661 | heterotroph | Organism that obtains energy from the foods it consumes. |  | 7 |
| 7913356662 | chemosynthesis | Process by which some organisms, such as certain bacteria, use chemical energy to produce carbohydrates. |  | 8 |
| 7913356663 | autotroph | Organism that can capture energy from sunlight or chemicals and use it to produce its own food from inorganic compounds. |  | 9 |
| 7913356664 | chlorophyll | Green pigment located within the chloroplasts. |  | 10 |
| 7913356665 | stomata | Microscopic pores in the leaf which lets carbon dioxide in and oxygen out. Also where water is lost. |  | 11 |
| 7913356666 | grana | Stack of thylakoids. |  | 12 |
| 7913356667 | stroma | Fluid inside the chloroplast where the Calvin Cycle happens. |  | 13 |
| 7913356668 | thylakoid | Flattened membranes in the chloroplast where the light reactions take place. |  | 14 |
| 7913356669 | photosynthesis equation | H2O + CO2 + sun -> C6H12O6 + O2 |  | 15 |
| 7913356670 | light reactions | Part of photosynthesis that involves light. ATP and NADPH are produced. Takes place on the thylakoid membrane. |  | 16 |
| 7913356671 | pigments | Molecules that absorb, reflect, or transmit light. |  | 17 |
| 7913356672 | photosystem | A cluster of pigments embedded into a thylakoid membrane (II then I). |  | 18 |
| 7913356673 | photolysis | In the thylakoid membranes of a chloroplast during light-dependant reactions, two molecules of water are split to form oxygen, hydrogen ions, and electrons. |  | 19 |
| 7913356674 | phosphorylation | Process of adding a phosphate group (i.e. what is done by ATP synthase to make ATP) |  | 20 |
| 7913356675 | carbon fixation | The initial incorporation of carbon into organic compounds. |  | 21 |
| 7913356676 | glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate (G3P) | The intermediate molecule that will be eventually turned into glucose in the Calvin cycle | 22 | |
| 7913356677 | RuBisCO | enzyme involved in the first step of carbon-fixation; must abundant enzyme on Earth | 23 | |
| 7913356678 | Calvin cycle | Carbon fixation process in photosynthesis. Forms sugar and other organic compounds. |  | 24 |
| 7913356679 | chemiosmosis | Process by which protons are pumped into the thylakoid membrane. Protons passively flow through the ATP synthase, which leads to the synthesis of ATP. |  | 25 |
| 7913356680 | fermentation | A partial degradation of sugars that occur without the use of oxygen (only glycolysis). |  | 26 |
| 7913356681 | cellular respiration | When oxygen is consumed as a reactant along with the organic fuel. |  | 27 |
| 7913356682 | electron transport chain | Breaks the fall of electrons to oxygen in several energy-releasing steps. |  | 28 |
| 7913356683 | glycolosis | Breaking glucose into two molecules of a compound called pyruvate. |  | 29 |
| 7913356684 | Krebs cycle | Completes the breakdown of glucose by oxidizing a derivative of pyruvate to carbon dioxide. |  | 30 |
| 7913356685 | oxidative phosphorylation | When energy is released at each step of the chain is stored in a form the mitochondrion can use to make ATP. |  | 31 |
| 7913356686 | ATP synthase | The enzyme that make ATP from ADP and inorganic phosphate. |  | 32 |
| 7913356687 | anaerobic respiration | Occurs by fermentation |  | 33 |
| 7913356688 | alcohol fermentation | When pyruvate is converted to ethanol in 2 steps. |  | 34 |
| 7913356689 | lactic acid fermetation | When pyruvate is reduced directly by NADH to form lactic as am end product, with no release of carbon dioxide. |  | 35 |
| 7913356690 | polar | Molecule with partial charges. Mixes with water. (Hydrophilic) |  | 36 |
| 7913356691 | nonpolar | No partial charges. Do not mix with water. (Hydrophobic) |  | 37 |
| 7913356692 | cohesion | Water molecules sticking to each other. |  | 38 |
| 7913356693 | adhesion | Water molecules sticking to other surfaces. |  | 39 |
| 7913356694 | specific heat | The heat required to raise the temperature of one gram of a substance one degree centigrade. |  | 40 |
| 7913356695 | heat of vaporization | The heat absorbed by a unit mass of a material at its boiling point in order to convert the material into a gas at the same temperature. |  | 41 |
| 7913356696 | evaporative cooling | The property of a liquid whereby the surface becomes cooler during evaporation, owing to a loss of highly kinetic molecules to the gaseous state. |  | 42 |
| 7913356697 | plasma membrane | The membrane at the boundary of every cell that acts as a selective barrier, thereby regulating the cell's chemical composition. |  | 43 |
| 7913356698 | diffusion | When a substance moves from an area of higher concentration to an area of lower concentration. Due to entropy. |  | 44 |
| 7913356699 | osmosis | The diffusion of water through a selectively permeable membrane. |  | 45 |
| 7913356700 | passive transport | Transport of a substance across a cell membrane by diffusion. Going with a concentration gradient. |  | 46 |
| 7913356701 | active transport | When a cell gets materials or excretes them by using its own energy, usually through ATP; going against a concentration gradient. |  | 47 |
| 7913356702 | hypertonic | Describes a solution that has a greater concentration of total solute. |  | 48 |
| 7913356703 | hypotonic | Describes a solution that has a lesser concentration of total solute. |  | 49 |
| 7913356704 | isotonic | Describes solutions that have an equal concentration of total solutes. |  | 50 |
| 7913356705 | turgor pressure | The pressure inside of a cell as a cell pushes itself against the cell wall. |  | 51 |
| 7913356706 | water potential | The physical property predicting the direction in which water will flow, governed by solute concentration and applied pressure. |  | 52 |
| 7913356707 | selective permeability | A property of a plasma membrane that allows some substances to cross more easily than others. |  | 53 |
| 7913356708 | amphipathic | Molecules are said to be this when it has regions that are both hydrophilic and hydrophobic. |  | 54 |
| 7913356709 | fluid mosaic model | Structural model of the plasma membrane where molecules are free to move sideways within a lipid bilayer. |  | 55 |
| 7913356710 | transmembrane proteins | Integral proteins that span the membrane. |  | 56 |
| 7913356711 | glycolipids | Membrane carbohydrates that are covalently bonded to lipids. |  | 57 |
| 7913356712 | glycoproteins | Membrane carbohydrates that are covalently bonded to proteins. |  | 58 |
| 7913356713 | transport protein | A membrane protein that is responsible for moving hydrophilic substances from one side to the other. |  | 59 |
| 7913356714 | channel protein | A membrane protein, specifically a transport protein, that has a hydrophilic channel that certain molecules or atomic ions use as a tunnel. |  | 60 |
| 7913356715 | aquaporin | A membrane protein, specifically a transport protein, that facilitates the passage of water through channel proteins. |  | 61 |
| 7913356716 | carrier protein | A membrane protein, specifically a transport protein, that holds onto molecules and changes their shapes in a way that shuttles them across the membrane. |  | 62 |
| 7913356717 | concentration gradient | A difference in the concentration of a substance across a distance. |  | 63 |
| 7913356718 | osmoregulation | The control of water balance. |  | 64 |
| 7913356719 | facilitated diffusion | Passive diffusion that is aided by transport proteins, but that does not require cellular energy. |  | 65 |
| 7913356720 | membrane potential | The voltage of a plasma membrane. |  | 66 |
| 7913356721 | gated channel | A protein channel in a cell membrane that opens or closes in response to a particular stimulus. |  | 67 |
| 7913356722 | phagocytosis | Process in which extensions of cytoplasm surround and engulf large particles and take them into the cell. |  | 68 |
| 7913356723 | endomembrane system | A network of membranes inside and around a eukaryotic cell, related either through direct physical contact or by the transfer of membranous vesicles. |  | 69 |
| 7913356724 | smooth ER | Synthesis of lipids, phospholipids and steroid sex hormones, and helps detoxify drugs and toxins. |  | 70 |
| 7913356725 | rough ER | A network of interconnected membranous sacs in a eukaryotic cell's cytoplasm; covered with ribosomes that make membrane proteins and secretory proteins. |  | 71 |
| 7913356726 | Golgi apparatus | Stack of membranes in the cell that modifies, sorts, and packages proteins from the endoplasmic reticulum. |  | 72 |
| 7913356727 | lysosome | A cell organelle that contains digestive enzymes. |  | 73 |
| 7913356728 | cell wall | Strong layer around the cell membrane in plants, algae, and some bacteria. |  | 74 |
| 7913356729 | negative feedback | A type of regulation that responds to a change in conditions by initiating responses that will counteract the change. Maintains a steady state. |  | 75 |
| 7913356730 | positive feedback | A type of regulation that responds to a change in conditions by initiating responses that will amplify the change. Takes organism away from a steady state. |  | 76 |
| 7913356731 | thermoregulation | Process of maintaining an internal temperature within a tolerable range. |  | 77 |
| 7913356732 | kinesis | A simple change in activity or turning rate in response to a stimuli. |  | 78 |
| 7913356733 | taxis | Automatic, oriented movement toward or away from some stimuli. |  | 79 |
| 7913356734 | innate immunity | Immunity that is present before exposure and effective from birth. Responds to a broad range of pathogens. |  | 80 |
| 7913356735 | acquired immunity | Immunity that is present only after exposure and is highly specific. |  | 81 |
| 7913356736 | lymphocytes | White blood cells. |  | 82 |
| 7913356737 | antibodies | Protein that is produced by lymphocytes and that attaches to a specific antigen. |  | 83 |
| 7913356738 | inflammtory response | Innate response with the purpose of containing a site of damage, localizing the response, eliminating the invader and restore tissue function. |  | 84 |
| 7913356739 | histamine | Chemical stored in mast cells that triggers dilation and increased permeability of capillaries. |  | 85 |
| 7913356740 | antigen | Any foreign molecule that is specifically recognized by lymphocytes and elicits an immune response. |  | 86 |
| 7913356741 | B lymphocytes (B cells) | Lymphocyte that matures in the bone marrow and secretes antibodies. |  | 87 |
| 7913356742 | T lymphocytes (T cells) | Lymphocyte that matures in the thymus and acts directly against antigens in cell-mediated immune responses. |  | 88 |
| 7913356743 | antigen presentation | The process by which an MHC molecule binds to a fragment of an intracellular protein antigen and carries it to the cell surface, where it is displayed and can be recognized by a T cell. |  | 89 |
| 7913356744 | memory cells | General term for lymphocytes that are responsible for immunological memory and protective immunity. |  | 90 |
| 7913356745 | primary immune response | Immune response the first time the body is exposed to a particular antigen. Does not peak until 10-17 days after exposure. |  | 91 |
| 7913356746 | secondary immune response | Immune response after the body has already been exposed to a specific antigen. Response is faster, of greater magnitude, and more prolonged. |  | 92 |
| 7913356747 | humoral immune response | The branch of acquired immunity that involves the activation of B cells and that leads to the production of antibodies. |  | 93 |
| 7913356748 | cell-mediated immune response | The branch of acquired immunity that involves the activation of cytotoxic T cells, which defend against infected cells. |  | 94 |
| 7913356749 | helper T cells | Activate macrophages, B cells and T cells. |  | 95 |
| 7913356750 | cytotoxic T cells or "killer T cells" | T cells that directly attack infecting organisms; these cells attack antigen labeled foreign or host tissue. |  | 96 |
| 7913356751 | density-dependent inhibition | The phenomenon observed in normal animal cells that causes them to stop dividing when they come into contact with one another. |  | 97 |
| 7913356752 | mutualism | Symbiotic relationship in which both species benefit from the relationship. |  | 98 |
| 7913356753 | commensalism | Symbiotic relationship in which one member of the association benefits and the other is neither helped nor harmed. |  | 99 |
| 7913356754 | parasitism | Symbiotic relationship in which one organism lives in or on another organism, called the host, and consequently harms it. |  | 100 |
| 7913356755 | pathogen | An organism that causes disease. |  | 101 |
| 7913356756 | invasive species | Species introduced to new areas that often disrupt the indigenous communities. |  | 102 |
| 7913356757 | macrophage | A phagocytic cell present in many tissues that functions in both specific and nonspecific immunity. |  | 103 |
| 7913356758 | cell differentiation | The process by which a cell becomes specialized for a specific structure or function. |  | 104 |
| 7913356759 | zygote | Diploid cell resulting from the union of a haploid egg and a haploid sperm. |  | 105 |
| 7913356760 | apoptosis | Programmed cell death. |  | 106 |
| 7913356761 | totipotent stem cells | Stem cell that can divide and become a full organism (i.e. the zygote) |  | 107 |
| 7913356762 | pluripotent stem cells | stem cell that can become any type of cell in an organism, but cannot actually divide into the full organism itself |  | 108 |
| 7913356763 | multipotent stem cells | stem cell that can become just a few different types (organ stem cells) |  | 109 |
| 7913356764 | homeotic (hox) genes | genes that control the general body blueprint of an organism; highly conserved through evolution |  | 110 |
