Terms : Hide Images
| 8377150091 | metabolism | The sum of the building & breaking reactions occurring in cells | 0 | |
| 8377150092 | catabolic pathways | Series of reactions that release energy by breaking down complex molecules into simpler compounds. |  | 1 |
| 8377150093 | anabolic pathways | Series of reactions that consume energy to build complicated molecules from simpler ones. |  | 2 |
| 8377150094 | kinetic energy | Energy associated with relative motion of objects. |  | 3 |
| 8377150095 | thermal energy | Kinetic energy associated with the random movement of molecules or atoms. (heat) |  | 4 |
| 8377150096 | potential energy | Stored energy. |  | 5 |
| 8377150097 | first law of thermodynamics | Energy can be transferred and transformed, but it cannot be created or destroyed. |  | 6 |
| 8377150098 | entropy | A measure of disorder or randomness. Tends to increase in the universe. |  | 7 |
| 8377150099 | second law of thermodynamics | Every energy transfer or transformation increases the entropy of the universe. |  | 8 |
| 8377150100 | free energy | Measures the portion of a system's energy that can perform work when temperature and pressure are uniform throughout the system, as in a living cell. |  | 9 |
| 8377150101 | endergonic reaction | Reaction that absorbs free energy from its surroundings. |  | 10 |
| 8377150102 | exergonic reaction | Reaction that proceeds with a net release of free energy. |  | 11 |
| 8377150103 | energy coupling | The use of an exergonic process to drive an endergonic one. |  | 12 |
| 8377150104 | ATP (adenosine triphosphate) | Composed of a sugar ribose, nitrogenous base adenine, and a chain of three phosphate groups bonded to it. |  | 13 |
| 8377150105 | phosphorylation | The metabolic process of introducing a phosphate group into an organic molecule. |  | 14 |
| 8377150106 | catalyst | A chemical agent that speeds up a reaction without being consumed by the reaction. |  | 15 |
| 8377150107 | enzyme | Protein that speeds up reactions. Typically end in "ase" (ex. Peroxidase, Lipase) |  | 16 |
| 8377150108 | activation energy | The amount of energy needed to push the reactants over an energy barrier. |  | 17 |
| 8377150109 | enzyme-substrate complex | When an enzyme binds to its substrate, it forms: |  | 18 |
| 8377150110 | active site | A pocket or groove on the surface of the enzyme where a substrate can bind. |  | 19 |
| 8377150111 | induced fit model | States that the enzyme and substrate undergo conformational changes to interact fully with one another (as opposed to "Lock & Key" |  | 20 |
| 8377150112 | cofactor | Inorganic metal ion helpers that may be bound tightly to the enzyme as a permanent resident, or may bind loosely and reversibly along with the substrate. |  | 21 |
| 8377150113 | coenzyme | Non-protein Organic helpers that may be bound tightly to the enzyme as a permanent resident, or may bind loosely and reversibly along with the substrate. |  | 22 |
| 8377150114 | competitive inhibitors | Reduce the productivity of enzymes by blocking substrates from entering active sites. |  | 23 |
| 8377150115 | noncompetitive inhibitors | Impede enzymatic reactions by binding to another part of the enzyme (other than the active site). |  | 24 |
| 8377150116 | feedback inhibition/negative feedback | A metabolic pathway is switched off by the inhibitory binding of its end product to an enzyme that acts early in the pathway. |  | 25 |
| 8377150117 | saturated enzyme | Describes an enzyme's maximum activity when every active site is being used. | 26 | |
| 8377150118 | substrate | The reactant that an enzyme binds with to form product. | | 27 |
| 8377150119 | Chemical Energy | Potential energy trapped in molecular bonds. |  | 28 |
| 8377150120 | Spontaneous Reaction | When a reaction doesn't require energy to proceed it is said to be this - doesn't mean it will be FAST. | 29 | |
| 8377150121 | ionic bond | bond resulting from a transfer of electrons causing an attraction between oppositely charged ions |  | 30 |
| 8377150122 | covalent bond | A chemical bond that involves sharing a pair of electrons between atoms in a molecule |  | 31 |
| 8377150123 | nonpolar | a molecule in which all atoms have the same electronegativity and the electron distribution is equal, hydrophobic |  | 32 |
| 8377150124 | polar | molecule in which the positive and negative charges are separated and unequal, hydrophilic |  | 33 |
| 8377150125 | buffer | mixture that can react with an acid or a base to maintain the pH within a specific range |  | 34 |
| 8377150126 | isomer | organic compounds with the same molecular formula but different structure |  | 35 |
| 8377150127 | monosaccharide | A single sugar molecule such as glucose or fructose, the simplest type of sugar; monomer of carbohydrates |  | 36 |
| 8377150128 | disaccharide | A double sugar, consisting of two monosaccharides joined by dehydration synthesis. |  | 37 |
| 8377150129 | dehydration synthesis | A chemical reaction in which two molecules are bonded together with the removal of a water molecule. |  | 38 |
| 8377150130 | hydrolysis | Breaking down complex molecules (polymers) by the chemical addition of water. |  | 39 |
| 8377150131 | polysaccharide | A polymer of many monosaccharides, formed by dehydration reactions. |  | 40 |
| 8377150132 | cellulose | structural polysaccharide that makes up plant cell walls |  | 41 |
| 8377150133 | starch | Storage polysaccharide found in plant cells that consists entirely of glucose monomers | | 42 |
| 8377150134 | glycerol | Three-carbon compound with three hydroxyl groups; fatty acids are covalently bonded to it to make fats and oils. |  | 43 |
| 8377150135 | fatty acid | hydrocarbon chain with a carboxyl group at one end; majority portion in lipids |  | 44 |
| 8377150136 | saturated fat | A lipid made from fatty acids that have no double bonds between carbon atoms; solid at room temperature and found in animal fats, lards, and dairy products. |  | 45 |
| 8377150137 | unsaturated fat | A lipid made from fatty acids that have at least one double bond between carbon atoms; liquid at room temperature and found in vegetable oils, nuts, and seeds. |  | 46 |
| 8377150138 | steroid | lipid with a four fused ring structure; cholesterol and testosterone |  | 47 |
| 8377150139 | peptide bond | bond creating amino acid chains or polymers |  | 48 |
| 8377150140 | primary structure | linear sequence of amino acids; peptide bonds |  | 49 |
| 8377150141 | secondary structure | Either an alpha helix or beta pleated sheet formed with hydrogen bonds |  | 50 |
| 8377150142 | tertiary structure | 3D shape of single polypeptide due to interactions of the side chains using hydrogen bonding, ioning bonding and disulphide bridges |  | 51 |
| 8377150143 | quaternary structure | The shape resulting from the association of two or more polypeptide subunits. |  | 52 |
| 8377150144 | alpha helix | secondary structure form of a protein; human hair (keratin) |  | 53 |
| 8377150145 | beta pleated sheet | secondary structure form of a protein; spider webs and silk |  | 54 |
| 8377150146 | functional group | group of atoms within a molecule that interacts in predictable ways with other molecules |  | 55 |
| 8377150147 | cohesion | attraction between molecules of the same substance; Water molecules sticking to each other. |  | 56 |
| 8377150148 | polymer | long molecule consisting of many similar or identical monomers linked together |  | 57 |
| 8377150149 | monomer | building block for polymers; only made by producers | | 58 |
| 8377150150 | adhesion | attraction between different kinds of molecules; Water molecules sticking to other surfaces. | | 59 |
| 8377150151 | surface tension | measure of how difficult it is to stretch or break the surface of a liquid |  | 60 |
| 8377150152 | van der Waals interactions | tertiary structure; weak attractions between molecules or parts of molecules that result from localized charge fluctuations |  | 61 |
| 8377150153 | disulfide bridge | tertiary structure; strong covalent bond formed when one sulfur of one cysteine monomer bonds to the sulfur of another |  | 62 |
| 8377150154 | hydrocarbon | organic molecule consisting of only hydrogen and carbon |  | 63 |
| 8377150155 | glycosodic linkage | covalent bond formed between two monosaccharides by a dehydration synthesis reaction |  | 64 |
| 8377150156 | nucleotide | building block of a nucleic acid; five carbon sugar covalently bonded to a nitrogen base and a phosphate group |  | 65 |
| 8377150157 | hydroxyl | hydrogen bonded to oxygen bonded to an organic molecule's carbon skeleton; alcohol; polar |  | 66 |
| 8377150158 | carboxyl | oxygen double bonded to a carbon atom that is bonded to a hydroxyl group |  | 67 |
| 8377150159 | amine | nitrogen bonded to two hydrogens and to the carbon skeleton |  | 68 |
| 8377150160 | sulfhydryl | sulfur bonded to hydrogen in roughly the shape of a hydroxyl; cysteine |  | 69 |
| 8377150161 | phosphate | phosphorous bonded to four oxygens; found in phospholipids and nucleotides |  | 70 |
| 8377150162 | carbohydrate | Large organic molecule made of monosaccharides; 1:2:1 ratio of carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen atoms; major source of energy for the human body |  | 71 |
| 8377150163 | lipid | non polar macromolecule made mainly from carbon and hydrogen atoms; includes fats, oils, and waxes |  | 72 |
| 8377150164 | protein | Large organic molecule made of amino acids; includes carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen, and sometimes sulfur. |  | 73 |
| 8377150165 | nucleic acid | Large macromolecule made of nucleotides containing hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen, carbon, and phosphorus; the genetic material of organisms |  | 74 |
