Campbell's Ch 1-5, 8: atomic structure, water, pH, isomers, organic compounds, enzymes, and metabolism. Also Cliff's AP Bio 4th ed., Ch 2: Chemistry.
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| 771436678 | elements | can't be broken into other substances | |
| 771436679 | compound | 2+ elements in ratio | |
| 771436680 | atom | smallest unit of element | |
| 771436681 | nucleus contains | protons, neutrons | |
| 771436682 | protons | (+) determine element | |
| 771436683 | neutrons | (0) determines isotope | |
| 771436684 | electrons | (-) determine chem. behavior | |
| 771436685 | atomic # | proton # | |
| 771436686 | atomic mass | (daltons, amu) protons + neutrons | |
| 771436687 | ground state | lowest E state | |
| 771436688 | excited state | absorbs E, higher E level | |
| 771436689 | covalent bonds | electrons shared, forms molecule | |
| 771436690 | electronegativity | affinity of electrons | |
| 771436691 | nonpolar covalent | same electronegativity | |
| 771436692 | polar covalent | different electronegativity, favors higher | |
| 771436693 | ionic bonds | electrons transfered between opposite charged atoms, forms ions | |
| 771436694 | anion | negative ion, gains electrons | |
| 771436695 | cation | positive ion, loses electrons | |
| 771436696 | hydrogen bonds | attraction between H (+) and highly electronegative atoms, i.e., O, F, N | |
| 771436697 | van der Waals interactions (IMFs) | interactions between + and - ends of molecules, generally weak | |
| 771436698 | water properties (due to H bonds) | 1) specific heat 2) heat of vaporization 3) universal solvent 4) cohesion, adhesion, surface tension, capillary action 5) ice floats | |
| 771436699 | specific heat | heat absorbed to increase 1g 1C; bodies of water resist temp. change -> stable environ, moderate land climates | |
| 771436700 | heat of vaporization | heat needed to evaporate water; cools down | |
| 771436701 | universal solvent | dissolves polar and ionic substances because of high polarity (attracts parts of aforementioned) | |
| 771436702 | properties that allow water to climb tree without exerting energy (transpirational-pull) | 1) cohesion 2) adhesion 3) capillary action 4) surface tension | |
| 771436703 | cohesion | attracts water to itself | |
| 771436704 | adhesion | attracts water to polar surfaces | |
| 771436705 | capillary action | cohesion + adhesion join to cause water to rise | |
| 771436706 | surface tension | prevents "breakage" of bonds, allows some organisms to walk on water | |
| 771436707 | ice floats | less dense because atom arrangement less condensed; insulates marine life below top layer; spring overturn | |
| 771436708 | spring overturn | circulation of water upon melting of ice, brings oxygen and nutrients to top to allow diffusion | |
| 771436709 | hydrophilic | affinity for water | |
| 771436710 | hydrophobic | afraid of water | |
| 771436711 | molarity | moles solute / L solution = concentration | |
| 771436712 | acidic | donate H+; [H+]>[OH-], 0-6 | |
| 771436713 | neutral | [H+]=[OH-], 7 | |
| 771436714 | basic | accept H+, donate OH-; [H+]<[OH-], 8-14 | |
| 771436715 | pH= | -log[H+] EX: pH 3=1E-3 mol/L H+ because -log(1E-3)=3 | |
| 771436716 | ocean acidification | fossil fuels burning increases CO2, which dissolved into oceans | |
| 771436717 | acidic precipitation (acid rain) | fossil fuels burning increases sulfur oxides and nitrogen oxides, which combine in air with rain to make acid rain | |
| 771436718 | buffers | substance that resist change in pH; absorb and donate H+ accordingly | |
| 771436719 | isomers | same formula, different structure | |
| 771436720 | structural isomers | different covalent arrangement | |
| 771436721 | geometric isomers | different spatial arrangement around double bonds; cis and trans isomers | |
| 771436722 | enantiomers | mirror images; L- and D- which have very different effects in pharmaceuticals | |
| 771436723 | organic compounds | containing organic carbon: 1) carbohydrates 2) lipids 3) proteins 4) nucleic acids | |
| 771436724 | carbohydrates (general) | CHO, provides quick E and structural support | |
| 771436725 | carbohydrates (components) | monosaccharide monomer: ring of C with H and OH molecules attached; glycosidic linkage between monomers | |
| 771436726 | carbohydrates (ex) | monosaccharides, disaccharides, polysaccharids | |
| 771436727 | monosaccharides (ex + fx) | glucose, fructose; fuel, combine to form polymers | |
| 771436728 | disaccharides (ex + fx) | lactose, sucrose; fuel, combine to form polymers | |
| 771436729 | polysaccharides (ex) | cellulose, starch, chitin, glycogen | |
| 771436730 | cellulose | plants; strengthens cell walls | |
| 771436731 | starch | plants; stores glucose for E | |
| 771436732 | chitin | animals; strengthens exoskeletal walls | |
| 771436733 | glycogen | animals; stores glucose for E | |
| 771436734 | dehydration synthesis | (condensation) forming of polymers; water lost | |
| 771436735 | hydrolysis | breakdown polymers; water gained | |
| 771467336 | lipids | group of hydrophobic molecules including triglycerides, phospholipids and steroids | |
| 771467337 | triglyceride | - fats, oils - glycerol + 3 fatty acid tails - E source | |
| 771467338 | phospholipids | - glycerol+P head (hydrophilic) + 2 fatty acid tails (hydrophobic) - bilipid membrane layer | |
| 771467339 | steroids | - 4 fused rings + attached chemical groups - cell membrane (cholesterol) - signal molecules (hormones) | |
| 771467340 | saturated fatty acid | animals, solid, single bond | |
| 771467341 | unsaturated fatty acid | plants, liquid, double bond (healthier) | |
| 771467342 | proteins (components) | amine (NH2) + R-C-H + carboxyl (COHO); form AAs; peptide bonds between AAs | |
| 771467343 | proteins (ex) | enzymes, structural proteins, storage, transport, hormones, receptor, motor, and defensive | |
| 771467344 | conformation | unique shape of proteins | |
| 771467345 | primary structure | unique AA sequence; change in primary=dire affects | |
| 771467346 | secondary structure | coil/folding due to H bonds (alpha helix or beta-pleated sheets) | |
| 771467347 | tertiary structure | conformation; H bonds between R groups, ionic bonds, disulfide bonds, IMFd, hydrophobic interactions | |
| 771467348 | quaternary structure | 2+ polypeptides | |
| 771467349 | chaperone protein | help fold proteins | |
| 771467350 | denaturation | unravel, lose shape and function | |
| 771488656 | nucleic acids (general) | store, transmit, help express hereditary info; RNA and DNA | |
| 771488657 | nucleic acids (components) | nitrogenous base, sugar, phosphate | |
| 771488658 | DNA | two stranded; sugar=deoxyribose; bases=ATCG; stores heredity info | |
| 771488659 | RNA | one stranded; sugar=ribose; bases=AUCG; various in gene expression, carry DNA instruction to ribosomes | |
| 785886885 | adenine thymine bond | double bond | |
| 785886886 | guanine cytosine bond | triple bond | |
| 771488660 | hydroxyl group | OH, alcohols; ethanol, sugars | |
| 771488661 | carboxyl | COHO, carboxylic acids; fatty acids, AAs | |
| 771488662 | amino | NH2, amines; AAs | |
| 771488663 | phosphate | PO3-, organic phosphates; DNA, ATP | |
| 771488664 | carbonyl (1) | CO, ketones; acetone, sugar | |
| 771488665 | carbonyl (2) | COH, aldehydes; formaldehyde | |
| 771488666 | methyl | CH3; oils, wax, fatty acids | |
| 785886887 | activation energy | E required for reaction to occur | |
| 785886888 | catalyst | lowers activation energy (Ea); doesn't change, can be reused | |
| 785886889 | metabolism | chemical rxns that occur in bio systems | |
| 785886890 | catabolism | breakdown substances (E released) | |
| 785886891 | anabolism | synthesis: form substances (E absorbed) | |
| 785886892 | chemical equilibrium | rate of rxn from reactant->product=rate of rxn from product->reactant; no net production | |
| 785886893 | enzymes | globular proteins that catalyze; substrate specific, optimal pH usually 7; -ase | |
| 785886894 | substrate | substance upon which enzyme acts | |
| 785886895 | induced-fit model | active site bonded to=enzyme changes shape, new shape favors reaction (goes w/ idea that enzymes are substrate specific) | |
| 785886896 | coenzymes | organic cofactors that assist enzymes; donate or accept some part of rxn | |
| 785886897 | cofactors | inorganic that assist enzymes; usually metal ions | |
| 785886898 | ATP | adenosine triphosphate; common source of Ea for metabolic rxns | |
| 785886899 | ATP hydrolysis | ATP + H20 -> ADP + Pi + E ; breaks P bond | |
| 785886900 | phosphorylation | ADP + Pi + E -> ATP + H20 | |
| 785886901 | energy coupling | products of ATP hydrolysis (Pi and E) used to drive another rxn | |
| 785886902 | allosteric activator | induces active form | |
| 785886903 | allosteric inhibitor | induces inactive form; can be reversible or irreversible | |
| 785886904 | feedback inhibition | product of rxn series binds to allosteric site, disabling rxn | |
| 785886905 | competitive inhibition | mimics substrate and binds to active site, blocking substrate from being able to; doesn't induce enzyme | |
| 785886906 | noncompetitive inhibition | binds to allosteric site, blocking active site or changing active site shape | |
| 785886907 | cooperativity | once substrate binds to active site, more substrates likely to bind b/c increased receptivity |
