Terms : Hide Images
| 9876617548 | Carbohydrate Examples | glucose, fructose, sucrose, starch, glycogen, cellulose, monosaccharides, disaccharides, polysaccharides | 0 | |
| 9876617741 | Disaccharide |  | 1 | |
| 9876617742 | Monosaccharide |  | 2 | |
| 9876617743 | Polysaccharide |  | 3 | |
| 9876617744 | Glycosidic Linkage |  | 4 | |
| 9876617745 | Starch |  | 5 | |
| 9876617746 | Cellulose |  | 6 | |
| 9876617549 | Lipid Examples | fatty acids, fats, saturated fats, unsaturated fats, steroids, phospholipids, cholesterol, triglycerides | 7 | |
| 9876617747 | Ester Linkage |  | 8 | |
| 9876617748 | Unsaturated Fat |  | 9 | |
| 9876617749 | Saturated Fat |  | 10 | |
| 9876617750 | Steroid |  | 11 | |
| 9876617751 | Phospholipid |  | 12 | |
| 9876617752 | Nucleotide |  | 13 | |
| 9876617550 | Nucleic Acid Examples | DNA, RNA, (ATP and ADP are modified nucleic acids) | 14 | |
| 9876617753 | DNA |  | 15 | |
| 9876617754 | RNA |  | 16 | |
| 9876617551 | Protein Examples | amino acids, primary, secondary, tertiary, quaternary structures, collagen, hemoglobin, enzymes | 17 | |
| 9876617755 | Triglyceride |  | 18 | |
| 9876617552 | Amino Acid Examples | glutamine, proline, cysteine, lycine, ... | 19 | |
| 9876617756 | Amino Acid |  | 20 | |
| 9876617757 | Primary Structure of a Protein |  | 21 | |
| 9876617758 | Secondary Structure of a Protein |  | 22 | |
| 9876617759 | alpha helix (secondary) |  | 23 | |
| 9876617760 | beta-pleated sheet (secondary) |  | 24 | |
| 9876617761 | Tertiary Structure of a Protein |  | 25 | |
| 9876617762 | Quaternary Structure of a Protein |  | 26 | |
| 9876617763 | Disulfide Bridge |  | 27 | |
| 9876617764 | Hydrogen Bonds |  | 28 | |
| 9876617765 | Hydrophobic Interaction |  | 29 | |
| 9876617766 | Ionic Interaction (salt bridge) |  | 30 | |
| 9876617553 | *nucleic acid | *kind of macromolecule that stores, transfers, and expresses genetic information |  | 31 |
| 9876617554 | Carbon, Hydrogen, Oxygen, Phosphorus, Nitrogen (CHOPN) | elements that make up a nucleic acid | 32 | |
| 9876617555 | *the hydrogen bonds between the purines and pyrimidines | *why is DNA more stable than RNA? | 33 | |
| 9876617556 | *nucleotide | *the monomer of a nucleic acid | | 34 |
| 9876617557 | *a phosphate group, a five-carbon sugar, and a nitrogen base | *structure of a nucleotide | 35 | |
| 9876617558 | *dehydration synthesis between nucleotides | *a kind of condensation reaction in which water is removed in order to join together nucleotides | 36 | |
| 9876617559 | phosphodiester bond | linkage that results from dehydration synthesis of the phosphate group of the first nucleotide to 3' carbon of the five-carbon sugar of the next nucleotide |  | 37 |
| 9876617560 | *purines | *double-ringed nitrogen base such as adenine or guanine |  | 38 |
| 9876617561 | how to remember that adenine and guanine are purines | pure silver - pure for purines; Ag is the chemical symbol for silver - A for adenine and g for guanine | 39 | |
| 9876617562 | *pyrimidine | *single-ringed nitrogen base such as cytosine, uracil, or thymine |  | 40 |
| 9876617563 | how to remember Cytosine, Uracil, and Thymine are PYrimidines | CUT the Py | 41 | |
| 9876617564 | *DNA | *deoxyribonucleic acid; a polymer of nucleotides that stores and transmits genetic information in the order of its nitrogen bases |  | 42 |
| 9876617565 | double helix | term used to describe the arrangement of a DNA strand |  | 43 |
| 9876617566 | *RNA | *ribonucleic acid; a polymer of nucleotides that transfers genetic information | 44 | |
| 9876617567 | *how RNA differs from DNA | *the sugar in RNA is ribose; Uracil bonds with Adenine; RNA is single-stranded | 45 | |
| 9876617568 | *how DNA differs from RNA | *the sugar in DNA is deoxyribose; Thymine bonds with Adenine; DNA is double-stranded | 46 | |
| 9876617569 | mRNA, tRNA, rRNA | the three kinds of RNA | 47 | |
| 9876617570 | anti-parallel | term meaning that the two strands of a DNA molecule run in opposite direction of each other; one is upside-down to the other |  | 48 |
| 9876617571 | *hydrogen bond in nucleic acids | *a weak bond that holds the nitrogen bases to each other | 49 | |
| 9876617572 | *thymine | *in DNA, adenine only bonds with___________and is held together with two hydrogen bonds | 50 | |
| 9876617573 | *cytosine | *guanine only bonds with____________and is held together with three hydrogen bonds | 51 | |
| 9876617574 | *uracil | *in RNA, adenine only bonds with__________ | 52 | |
| 9876617575 | James Watson and Francis Crick | scientists who discovered the structure DNA | 53 | |
| 9876617576 | DNA replication | process used to make a copy of a DNA strand | 54 | |
| 9876617577 | transcription | the copying of the DNA sequence onto RNA | 55 | |
| 9876617578 | translation | the creation of a polypeptide from the information transcribed from DNA | 56 | |
| 9876617579 | genome | the complete set of DNA in a living organism | 57 | |
| 9876617580 | *proteins | *a macromolecule made chains of amino acids | 58 | |
| 9876617581 | *Carbon, Hydrogen, Oxygen, Nitrogen (CHON) | *elements that make up a protein | 59 | |
| 9876617582 | categories of proteins | structural proteins, storage proteins, transport proteins, defensive proteins, and enzymes | 60 | |
| 9876617583 | *enzymes | *proteins that speed up chemical reactions (reduce the activation energy required) | 61 | |
| 9876617584 | *amino acid | *building block (monomer) of proteins, composed of an amino group and a carboxyl group, a hydrogen atom, and an R-group |  | 62 |
| 9876617585 | *a carboxyl group, an amino group, a central Carbon, a Hydrogen, and an R-group | *structure of an amino acid | 63 | |
| 9876617586 | *20 | *the number of different amino acids that occur extensively in all living organisms | 64 | |
| 9876617587 | disulfide bridge | covalent bond formed between two cysteine amino acids when their SH groups become oxidized; this helps determine how a protein folds | | 65 |
| 9876617588 | *dehydration synthesis between amino acids | *process that bond an amino acid to another amino acids (forms peptide bond) | 66 | |
| 9876617589 | *peptide bond | *covalent bond formed between amino acids |  | 67 |
| 9876617590 | *from amino group to carboxyl group (N-C-C+N-C-C) | *order that the amino acids join together | 68 | |
| 9876617591 | *polypeptide chain | *a long line of amino acids bonded together by peptide bonds |  | 69 |
| 9876617592 | *R-group | *stands for the rest of the compound, different for each kind of amino acid, giving the amino acid its properties |  | 70 |
| 9876617593 | *properties the R-group may give the amino acid | *hydrophilic or hydrophobic, polar or nonpolar, acidic or basic | 71 | |
| 9876617594 | side chain | another name for the R-group |  | 72 |
| 9876617595 | four levels of a proteins structure | primary structure, secondary structure, tertiary structure, quaternary structure | 73 | |
| 9876617596 | *primary structure | *the order of amino acids in a peptide chain that makes up a protein | | 74 |
| 9876617597 | *secondary structure | *three-dimensional shape that occurs from the hydrogen bonding between the amino and carboxyl groups (the backbone) of nearby amino acids; may be shaped as an alpha helix or a beta pleated sheet |  | 75 |
| 9876617598 | fibrous proteins | proteins whose shapes are dominated by the secondary structure of a beta pleated sheet or alpha helix, like collagen |  | 76 |
| 9876617599 | *tertiary structure | *additional three dimensional shaping to a secondary structure due to interactions of the R-groups | | 77 |
| 9876617600 | *quaternary structure | *a protein that is assembled from two or more peptide chains; hemoglobin consists of four peptide chains that are held together by hydrogen bonding and interactions among R-groups | | 78 |
| 9876617601 | globular proteins | proteins whose shape is dominated by the additional three-dimensional shaping of a tertiary structure, like hemoblobin |  | 79 |
| 9876617602 | *denatured | *a change in the shape of a protein due to chemical treatments, temperature, change of pH, or high concentrations of polar or nonpolar substances; may or may not be irreversible |  | 80 |
| 9876617603 | *hydrogen bonds in proteins | *bond that occurs between R-groups that stabilize folds in proteins | 81 | |
| 9876617604 | *hydrophobic R-groups | *move together to the interior of a protein, away from water | 82 | |
| 9876617605 | van der Waals interactions | bond-like interaction that stabilize nearby hydrophobic R-groups | 83 | |
| 9876617606 | ionic interactions | bond that forms between oppositely charged (positive and negative) R-groups |  | 84 |
| 9876617607 | salt bridge | another name for ionic interactions that occur between oppositely charged (positive and negative) R-groups | | 85 |
| 9876617608 | *lipids | *macromolecule made of carbon, hydrogen and oxygen (CHO) that is mostly nonpolar not soluble in water; | 86 | |
| 9876617609 | Carbon, Hydrogen, Oxygen (CHO) | *elements that makeup both Carbohydrates and Lipids | 87 | |
| 9876617610 | fats, oils, steroids, phospholipids | the most important lipids | 88 | |
| 9876617611 | Angelina Jolie's LIPS are filled with FAT | how to remember FATs are a kind of LIPID | 89 | |
| 9876617612 | *fatty acid | *monomer of a lipid made of a hydrocarbon chain and a carboxyl group |  | 90 |
| 9876617613 | *amphipathic | *having both hydrophobic and hydrophilc parts | 91 | |
| 9876617614 | lots of energy | how much energy a hydrocarbon chain stores | 92 | |
| 9876617615 | *dehydration synthesis in lipids | *the removal of a water molecule to join fatty acids to other molecules (like glycerol) |  | 93 |
| 9876617616 | *triglyceride | *lipid made of three fatty acids attached to a glycerol | | 94 |
| 9876617617 | glycerol | a carbon alcohol that is hydrophilic |  | 95 |
| 9876617618 | *functions of lipids | *long-term energy storage, insulation, part of the cell membrane, chemical messenger, waterproofing | 96 | |
| 9876617619 | *saturated fatty acid | *fatty acid that consists of all single-covalent bonds between each pair of carbon atoms; each carbon has two hydrogens bonded to it (saturated with hydrogens); | | 97 |
| 9876617620 | food made of saturated fatty acid | animal fats and butter; bad fats | 98 | |
| 9876617621 | unsaturated fatty acids | fatty acid that has one or more double covalent bonds between each pair of carbon atoms; | 99 | |
| 9876617622 | food made of unsaturated fatty acids | plant & fish fats, vegetable oils; good fats | 100 | |
| 9876617623 | *monounsaturated fatty acid | *kind of unsaturated fat that consists only has one double covalent bond (the rest are single) between each pair of carbon atoms |  | 101 |
| 9876617624 | *polyunsaturated fatty acid | *kind of unsaturated fat that has two or more double covalent bonds between each pair of carbon atoms |  | 102 |
| 9876617625 | *phospholipid | *amphipathic lipid made of two hydrocarbon chains, glycerol, and a phosphate group |  | 103 |
| 9876617626 | hydrophobic tail | another name for the hydrocarbon chain in a phospholipid |  | 104 |
| 9876617627 | hydrophobic head | another name for the phosphate group in a phospholipid | | 105 |
| 9876617628 | *the reason a phospholipid is amphipathic | *the hydrocarbon chains (tails) are nonpolar, while the glycerol and phosphate group (head) is polar | 106 | |
| 9876617629 | *phospholipid bilayer | *the main structure of the cell membrane, made of phospholipids that are arranged with the fatty acid tails packed together and the glycerol and phosphate heads facing water in an aqueous solution |  | 107 |
| 9876617630 | van der walls interactions | weak interaction between nonpolar molecules; holds the hydrophobic fatty acid tails of a phospholipid together | 108 | |
| 9876617631 | reason the phospholipid bilayer is stable | van der waals interactions hold the fatty acid tails together while hydrogen bonding binds the hydrophilic heads with water; also cholesterol is between the fatty acid tails stabilizing them | 109 | |
| 9876617632 | *steroid | *lipid made of four linked carbon rings attached to different functional groups (look like chicken wire fencing) |  | 110 |
| 9876617633 | examples of steroids | cholesterol, sex hormones | 111 | |
| 9876617634 | sex hormones | testosterone, progesterone, estrogen | 112 | |
| 9876617635 | cholesterol | the most common steroid; is a component of the cell membrane as well as the precursor to all other steroids | 113 | |
| 9876617636 | cholesterol vs. testosterone | the tail of cholesterol is replaced with a hydroxyl group |  | 114 |
| 9876617637 | many biologically important molecules are NOT soluble in a lipid, so cell membranes can be selectively permeable | why are lipids good barriers in living organisms? | 115 | |
| 9876617638 | how to number carbons in a ring | clockwise from the right |  | 116 |
| 9876617639 | carbohydrate | macromolecule made of Carbon, Hydrogen, and Oxygen that is soluble in water due to the hydroxyl groups | 117 | |
| 9876617640 | *monosaccharide | *the simplest kind of carbohydrate | 118 | |
| 9876617641 | *simple sugar | *another name for a monosaccharide | 119 | |
| 9876617642 | -ose | suffix carbohydrates usually end in (gluc-ose, fruct-ose) | 120 | |
| 9876617643 | *examples of monossaccharides | *glucose, fructose, galactose | 121 | |
| 9876617644 | formula for sugar molecules | (CH₂O)n where n is any number from 3 to 8 | 122 | |
| 9876617645 | *1:2:1 | *the ration of Carbon to Hydrogen to Oxygen in a carbohydrate | 123 | |
| 9876617646 | alpha glucose vs. beta glucose structure | the reversal of the H and OH on the first carbon |  | 124 |
| 9876617647 | alpha glucose vs. beta glucose function | alpha glucose molecules can easily be broken down while beta glucose molecules can only be broken down by by certain bacteria | 125 | |
| 9876617648 | α-glucose | another name for alpha glucose | 126 | |
| 9876617649 | β-glucose | another name for beta glucose | 127 | |
| 9876617650 | where the carbons are in a ring structure | where four bond lines meet |  | 128 |
| 9876617651 | triose | monosaccharide made of three carbon atoms |  | 129 |
| 9876617652 | tetrose | monosaccharide made of four carbon atoms |  | 130 |
| 9876617653 | pentose | monosaccharide made of five carbon atoms; example is ribose in RNA and deoxribose in DNA |  | 131 |
| 9876617654 | hexose | monosaccharide made of six carbon atoms examples are glucose, fructose, mannose, galactose |  | 132 |
| 9876617655 | *disaccharide | *two monosaccharides joined together by a glycosidic linkage |  | 133 |
| 9876617656 | *dehydration synthesis between monosaccharides | *process used to combine monosaccarides into disaccharides and polysaccharides |  | 134 |
| 9876617657 | *glycosidic linkage | *covalent bond that forms between a monosaccharide and another molecule (like another monosaccharide) |  | 135 |
| 9876617658 | *the reason why the formula of a disaccharide of glucose is C₁₂H₂₂O₁₁ and not C₁₂H₂₄O₁₂ | *one water molecule is lost when the condensation reaction joins together the two monosaccharides | 136 | |
| 9876617659 | *sucrose | *table sugar; disaccharide formed when glucose bonds with fructose |  | 137 |
| 9876617660 | lactose | milk sugar; disaccharide formed when glucose bonds with galactose |  | 138 |
| 9876617661 | *polysaccharide | *three or more monosaccharides | 139 | |
| 9876617662 | starch | a polymer of α-glucose molecules that store energy in a plant cell | | 140 |
| 9876617663 | glycogen | a polymer of α-glucose molecules that stores energy in animal cells; stored in the liver and muscles | | 141 |
| 9876617664 | the reason why starch and glycogen have a large amount of branching | plants and animals can quickly add to their energy supply when energy is plentiful, or break it down the storage molecules when energy is in short supply |  | 142 |
| 9876617665 | cellulose | a very stable polymer of β-glucose molecules that serves as a structural molecule in the walls of plant cells; major component of wood; the most abundant biological molecule on earth | | 143 |
| 9876617666 | chitin | a polymer of β-glucose molecules that contains serves as the exoskeleton of arthopods such as insects, spiders, and shellfish; it has a nitrogen-containing group attached to the ring |  | 144 |
| 9876617667 | organic molecules | molecules that contain carbon | 145 | |
| 9876617668 | macromolecules | large organic molecules | 146 | |
| 9876617669 | Clean Later Party Now | four kinds of macromolecules - Carbohydrates, Lipids, Proteins, Nucleic acids | 147 | |
| 9876617670 | organic chemistry | the study of carbon compounds | 148 | |
| 9876617671 | the reason carbon is important to life | carbon can form four strong covalent bonds with different elements; carbon is the main component of organic molecules; all organic molecules contain carbon (carbohydrates, lipids, proteins, nucleic acids) | 149 | |
| 9876617672 | four | number of covalent bonds carbon can form with other elements | 150 | |
| 9876617673 | hydrocarbons | carbon and hydrogen atoms that are covalently bonded that make them stable and nonpolar |  | 151 |
| 9876617674 | nonpolar | not soluable in water | 152 | |
| 9876617675 | polar | soluable in water | 153 | |
| 9876617676 | isomer | Molecules with same molecular formula but different structures (shapes) | 154 | |
| 9876617677 | polymer | molecules that consist of many repeated monomers | 155 | |
| 9876617678 | monomer | molecules that consist of a single unit | 156 | |
| 9876617679 | condensation reaction | the process of removing a small molecule to join together monomers to make a polymer | | 157 |
| 9876617680 | dehydration synthesis | a kind of condensation reaction | 158 | |
| 9876617681 | hydrolysis | the process of adding a water molecule to break a polymer into monomers |  | 159 |
| 9876617682 | functional groups | parts of organic molecules that are involved in chemical reactions | 160 | |
| 9876617683 | polar covalent bond | the kind of bond between the oxygen atom and hydrogen atoms in a water molecule that results in the unequal sharing of electrons |  | 161 |
| 9876617684 | charge of the oxygen atom in a water molecule | slightly negative | 162 | |
| 9876617685 | charge of the hydrogen atoms in a water molecule | slightly positive | 163 | |
| 9876617686 | hydrogen bond in water | weak bond formed between water molecules |  | 164 |
| 9876617687 | universal solvent | Property of water in which substances that are ionic or substances that have polar covalent bonds all dissolve in water. | 165 | |
| 9876617688 | hydrophillic | Term for substances that dissolve in water. | 166 | |
| 9876617689 | hydrophobic | Term for substances that do not dissolve in water. | 167 | |
| 9876617690 | solute | A substance that dissolves into a solvent. |  | 168 |
| 9876617691 | solvent | A substance that dissolves another substance. |  | 169 |
| 9876617692 | aqueous solution | A solution in which water is the solvent. |  | 170 |
| 9876617693 | specific heat | the degree that a substance changes temperature due to the gain or loss of heat | 171 | |
| 9876617694 | high specific heat | property of water in which water changes temperature very slowly with changes in heat due to hydrogen bonding |  | 172 |
| 9876617695 | evaporative cooling | water carries the heat it absorbs away in sweat due to its high specific heat | 173 | |
| 9876617696 | heat of fusion | the energy required to change water from a solid to a liquid | 174 | |
| 9876617697 | heat of vaporization | the energy required to change water from a liquid to a gas | 175 | |
| 9876617698 | the reason why water has a high specific heat | it takes a large amount of energy to break the hydrogen bonds that hold water molecules together | 176 | |
| 9876617699 | the temperature stays the same | what happens to the temperature of water when it changes states - from solid to liquid or from liquid to gas |  | 177 |
| 9876617700 | the reason ice floats in liquid water | less dense as a solid; hydrogen bonds form crystalline structure that keeps the water molecules separate |  | 178 |
| 9876617701 | reasons why ice floating is important to life | floating ice keeps the water below it from freezing; if ice would sink, it would remain frozen eventually freezing the entire body of water | 179 | |
| 9876617702 | cohesion | the attraction of like substances; water molecules are attracted to other water molecules; this is due to the hydrogen bonding between water molecules |  | 180 |
| 9876617703 | the reason insects can walk on the surface of water | surface tension caused by the cohesion of water molecules |  | 181 |
| 9876617704 | adhesion | the attraction of unlike molecules; water molecules are attracted to other polar surfaces |  | 182 |
| 9876617705 | the reason water moves from the roots to the leaves of a plant | capillary action due to water adhering to the walls of a narrow tube an rising up (adhesion) |  | 183 |
| 9876617706 | matter | anything that has mass and takes up space | 184 | |
| 9876617707 | element | Matter in its simplest form | 185 | |
| 9876617708 | atom | Smallest form of an element that still displays its particular properties; consisting of a positively charged nucleus and a negatively charged electron cloud. | 186 | |
| 9876617709 | protons | Atomic particles with a positive charge (+) found in the nucleus of an atom. | 187 | |
| 9876617710 | neutrons | Atomic particles with a neutral (o) charge found in the nucleus of an atom. | 188 | |
| 9876617711 | electrons | Atomic particles with a negative charge (-) found outside the nucleus of an atom. | 189 | |
| 9876617712 | *ion | *atom becomes charged when it gains or loses an electron | 190 | |
| 9876617713 | *cation | *a positively charged ion; "pawsitive" | 191 | |
| 9876617714 | *anion | *a negatively charged ion; ANegative ion | 192 | |
| 9876617715 | chemical bond | attraction between two atoms by transferring or sharing electrons to attain a stable electron configuration | 193 | |
| 9876617716 | *molecules | *a stable association of two or more atoms held together by chemical bonds; | 194 | |
| 9876617717 | *compound | *a molecule made of more than one type of element | 195 | |
| 9876617718 | *organic compound | *compounds that contain carbon | 196 | |
| 9876617719 | inorganic compound | compounds that do not contain carbon | 197 | |
| 9876617720 | *functional group | *groups of atoms that are responsible for the chemical properties of organic compounds | 198 | |
| 9876617721 | the interaction of electrons between atoms | The reason chemical bonds form. | 199 | |
| 9876617722 | electronegativity | The ability of an atom to attract electrons. | 200 | |
| 9876617723 | *ionic bond | *Bond that forms when one or more electrons are transferred from one atom to another. | 201 | |
| 9876617724 | *covalent bond | *Bond that forms when electrons between atoms are shared. | 202 | |
| 9876617725 | nonpolar covalent bond | Bond that forms when electrons are shared equally. | 203 | |
| 9876617726 | *polar covalent bond | *Bond that forms when electrons are shared unequally; like that between the oxygen atom and hydrogen atoms in a water molecule | 204 | |
| 9876617727 | *single covalent bond | *Bond when sharing two electrons. | 205 | |
| 9876617728 | *double covalent bond | *Bond when sharing four electrons. | 206 | |
| 9876617729 | *triple covalent bond | *Bond when sharing six electrons. | 207 | |
| 9876617730 | *hydrogen bond | *A weak bond formed between molecules. | 208 | |
| 9876617731 | octet rule | an atom will lose, gain, or share electrons in order to achieve a stable configuration of eight electrons in its outermost shell | 209 | |
| 9876617732 | transferred | Electrons are ___________ when there are large differences in electronegativities between atoms. | 210 | |
| 9876617733 | sharing; polar covalent bonds | Small differences in electronegativity result in the unequal ___________ of electrons, forming _____________. | 211 | |
| 9876617734 | Mono-Zach-and Cody ride in a Car | monosacharides make up carbohydrates | 212 | |
| 9876617735 | Ions | Cations are pawsitive, anion stands for "A Negative ion | 213 | |
| 9876617736 | CHO | elements that make up carbohydrate - Carbon, Hydrogen, Oxygen | 214 | |
| 9876617737 | CHO | elements that make up lipids, Carbon, Hydrogen, Oxygen | 215 | |
| 9876617738 | CHON | elements that make up proteins, Carbon, Hydrogen, Oxygen, Nitrogen | 216 | |
| 9876617739 | CHOPN | elements that make up nucleic acids, Carbon, Hydrogen, Oxygen, Nitrogen, Phosphorus | 217 | |
| 9876617740 | HONC | Hydrogen makes 1 covalent bond, Oxygen makes 2 covalent bonds, Nitrogen makes 3 covalent bonds, Carbon makes 4 covalent bonds | 218 |
