www.eduvee.com Key terms for AP Biology. This covers the terms for Chapter 18 from Campbell Biology - Gene Expression. Find more study resources and revision tools with questions at www.eduvee.com. It's FREE!
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| 1974467728 | somatic | part of, or relating to the body of an organism | 0 | |
| 1974467729 | genome | the cell's complete genetic information packaged as a double-stranded DNA molecule | 1 | |
| 1974467730 | proteome | the complete set of proteins encoded by a particular genome | 2 | |
| 1974467731 | epigenetics | the study of heritable changes caused by the activation and deactivation of genes without any change in DNA sequence | 3 | |
| 1974467732 | nucleosome | any of the subunits that repeat in chromatin; a coil of DNA surrounding a histone core | 4 | |
| 1974467733 | repressor | any protein that binds to DNA and thus regulates the expression of genes by decreasing the rate of transcription | 5 | |
| 1974467734 | operon | a unit of genetic material that functions in a coordinated manner by means of an operator, a promoter, and structural genes that are transcribed together | 6 | |
| 1974467735 | promoter | the section of DNA that controls the initiation of RNA transcription | 7 | |
| 1974467736 | operon | a unit of genetic material that functions in a coordinated manner by means of an operator, a promoter, and structural genes that are transcribed together | 8 | |
| 1974467737 | RNA polymerase | a DNA-dependent RNA polymerase, an enzyme, that produces RNA | 9 | |
| 1974467738 | operator | a segment of DNA to which a transcription factor protein binds | 10 | |
| 1974467739 | repressor | any protein that binds to DNA and thus regulates the expression of genes by decreasing the rate of transcription | 11 | |
| 1974467740 | promoter | the section of DNA that controls the initiation of RNA transcription | 12 | |
| 1974467741 | TATA box | a DNA sequence (cis-regulatory element) found in the promoter region of genes in archaea and eukaryotes | 13 | |
| 1974467742 | transcription factor | a protein that binds to specific DNA sequences, thereby controlling the flow (or transcription) of genetic information from DNA to mRNA | 14 | |
| 1974467743 | repressor | any protein that binds to DNA and thus regulates the expression of genes by decreasing the rate of transcription | 15 | |
| 1974467744 | enhancer | a short region of DNA that can increase transcription of genes | 16 | |
| 1974467745 | activator | any chemical or agent which regulates one or more genes by increasing the rate of transcription | 17 | |
| 1974467746 | histone | any of various simple water-soluble proteins that are rich in the basic amino acids lysine and arginine and are complexed with DNA in the nucleosomes of eukaryotic chromatin | 18 | |
| 1974467747 | epigenetics | the study of heritable changes caused by the activation and deactivation of genes without any change in DNA sequence | 19 | |
| 1974467748 | nucleosome | any of the subunits that repeat in chromatin; a coil of DNA surrounding a histone core | 20 | |
| 1974467749 | spliceosome | a dynamic complex of RNA and protein subunits that removes introns from precursor mRNA | 21 | |
| 1974467750 | exon | a region of a transcribed gene present in the final functional RNA molecule | 22 | |
| 1974467751 | intron | a portion of a split gene that is included in pre-RNA transcripts but is removed during RNA processing and rapidly degraded | 23 | |
| 1974467752 | reading frame | either of three possible triplets of codons in which a DNA sequence could be transcribed | 24 | |
| 1974467753 | phosphorylation | the addition of a phosphate group to a compound; often catalyzed by enzymes | 25 | |
| 1974467754 | proteasome | a complex protein, found in bacterial, archaeal and eukaryotic cells, that breaks down other proteins via proteolysis | 26 | |
| 1974467755 | ubiquitin | a small polypeptide present in the cells of all eukaryotes; it plays a part in modifying and degrading proteins | 27 | |
| 1974467756 | totipotency | the ability of a cell to produce differentiated cells upon division | 28 | |
| 1974467757 | autologous | derived from part of the same individual (i.e. from the recipient rather than the donor) | 29 | |
| 1974467758 | morula | a spherical mass of blastomeres that forms following the splitting of a zygote; it becomes the blastula | 30 | |
| 1974467759 | pluripotent | able to develop into more than one mature cell or tissue type, but not all | 31 | |
| 1974467760 | progenitor cell | a biological cell that, like a stem cell, has a tendency to differentiate into a specific type of cell, but is already more specific than a stem cell and is pushed to differentiate into its "target" cell. | 32 | |
| 1974467761 | blastocyst | the mammalian blastula formed during development where the inner cell mass can be found which forms the embryo | 33 | |
| 1974467762 | proteome | the complete set of proteins encoded by a particular genome | 34 | |
| 1974467763 | inner cell mass | a mass of cells within a primordial embryo that will eventually develop into the distinct form of a fetus in most eutherian mammals | 35 | |
| 1974467764 | pluripotent | able to develop into more than one mature cell or tissue type, but not all | 36 | |
| 1974467765 | transcription | the synthesis of RNA under the direction of DNA | 37 | |
| 1974467766 | proteome | the complete set of proteins encoded by a particular genome | 38 | |
| 1974467767 | differentiate | to produce distinct cells, organs or to achieve specific functions by a process of development | 39 | |
| 1974467768 | neural tube | hollow longitudinal dorsal tube formed in the folding and subsequent fusion of the opposite ectodermal folds in the embryo that gives rise to the brain and spinal cord | 40 | |
| 1974467769 | neurulation | the process by which the beginnings of the vertebrate nervous system is formed in embryos | 41 | |
| 1974467770 | anencephaly | a lethal birth defect in which most of the brain and parts of the skull are missing; absence of the encephalon | 42 | |
| 1974467771 | notochord | a flexible rodlike structure that forms the main support of the body in the lowest chordates; a primitive spine | 43 | |
| 1974467772 | bleb | an irregular bulge in the plasma membrane of a cell | 44 | |
| 1974467773 | laminar | of fluid motion, smooth and regular, flowing as though in different layers | 45 | |
| 1974467774 | metastasis | the transference of a bodily function or disease to another part of the body; specifically the development of a secondary area of disease remote from the original site, as with some cancers | 46 | |
| 1974467775 | chemotaxis | the movement of a cell or an organism in response to a chemical stimulant | 47 | |
| 1974467776 | organogenesis | the formation and development of the organs of an organism from embryonic cells | 48 | |
| 1974467777 | somite | one of the paired masses of mesoderm distributed along the sides of the neural tube that will eventually become dermis, skeletal muscle, or vertebrae | 49 | |
| 1974467778 | gastrulation | the stage of embryo development at which a gastrula is formed from the blastula by the inward migration of cells | 50 | |
| 1974467779 | apoptosis | a process of programmed cell death | 51 | |
| 1974467780 | autophagy | a type of programmed cell death accomplished through self-digestion | 52 | |
| 1974467781 | extracellular matrix | All the connective tissues and fibres that are not part of a cell, but rather provide support. | 53 | |
| 1974467782 | oncogene | any gene that contributes to the conversion of a normal cell into a cancerous cell when mutated or expressed at high levels | 54 | |
| 1974467783 | proto-oncogene | a gene that promotes the specialization and division of normal cells that becomes an oncogene following mutation | 55 | |
| 1974467784 | cancer | a disease in which the cells of a tissue undergo uncontrolled (and often rapid) proliferation | 56 | |
| 1974467785 | epigenetic | the study of heritable changes in gene expression or cellular phenotype caused by mechanisms other than changes in the underlying DNA sequence | 57 | |
| 1974467786 | methylation | the addition of a methyl group to cytosine and adenine residues in DNA that leads to the epigenetic modification of DNA and the reduction of gene expression and protein production | 58 | |
| 1974467787 | acetylation | the reaction of a substance with acetic acid or one of its derivatives; the introduction of one or more acetyl groups into a substance | 59 | |
| 1974467788 | transcription factor | a protein that binds to specific DNA sequences, thereby controlling the flow (or transcription) of genetic information from DNA to mRNA | 60 | |
| 1974467789 | exosome | a vesicle responsible for the selective removal of plasma membrane proteins | 61 | |
| 1974467790 | microRNA | a single-stranded, non-coding form of RNA, having only about 20-30 nucleotides, that has a number of functions including the regulation of gene expression | 62 | |
| 1974467791 | post-translational modification | the chemical modification of a protein after its translation; one of the later steps in protein biosynthesis, and thus gene expression, for many proteins | 63 | |
| 1974467792 | targeted therapy | a type of medication that blocks the growth of cancer cells by interfering with specific targeted molecules rather than by interfering with rapidly dividing cells | 64 | |
| 1974467793 | cancer | a disease in which the cells of a tissue undergo uncontrolled (and often rapid) proliferation | 65 |
