www.eduvee.com Key terms for AP Biology. This covers the terms for Chapter 9 from Campbell Biology - Cellular Respiration. Find more study resources and revision tools with questions at www.eduvee.com. It's FREE!
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| 1974447806 | catabolism | the breakdown of large molecules into smaller ones usually accompanied by the release of energy | 0 | |
| 1974447807 | aerobic respiration | the process of converting the biochemical energy in nutrients to ATP in the presence of oxygen | 1 | |
| 1974447808 | cellular respiration | the set of the metabolic reactions and processes that take place in the cells of organisms to convert biochemical energy from nutrients into adenosine triphosphate (ATP) | 2 | |
| 1974447809 | adenosine triphosphate | a multifunctional nucleoside triphosphate used in cells as a coenzyme, often called the "molecular unit of energy currency" in intracellular energy transfer | 3 | |
| 1974447810 | reduction | A reaction in which electrons are gained and valence is reduced; often by the removal of oxygen or the addition of hydrogen. | 4 | |
| 1974447811 | oxidation | A reaction in which the atoms of an element lose electrons and the valence of the element increases. | 5 | |
| 1974447812 | nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide | (NAD) An organic coenzyme involved in biological oxidation and reduction reactions. | 6 | |
| 1974447813 | electron shuttle | molecules that bind and carry high-energy electrons between compounds in cellular pathways | 7 | |
| 1974447814 | phosphate | Any salt or ester of phosphoric acid | 8 | |
| 1974447815 | phosphorylation | the addition of a phosphate group to a compound; often catalyzed by enzymes | 9 | |
| 1974447816 | adenosine triphosphate | a multifunctional nucleoside triphosphate used in cells as a coenzyme, often called the "molecular unit of energy currency" in intracellular energy transfer | 10 | |
| 1974447817 | heterotroph | an organism that requires an external supply of energy in the form of food, as it cannot synthesize its own | 11 | |
| 1974447818 | glycolysis | the cellular metabolic pathway of the simple sugar glucose to yield pyruvic acid and ATP as an energy source | 12 | |
| 1974447819 | glucose | a simple monosaccharide (sugar) with a molecular formula of C6H12O6; it is a principal source of energy for cellular metabolism | 13 | |
| 1974447820 | adenosine triphosphate | a multifunctional nucleoside triphosphate used in cells as a coenzyme, often called the "molecular unit of energy currency" in intracellular energy transfer | 14 | |
| 1974447821 | NADH | nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD) carrying two electrons and bonded with a hydrogen (H) ion; the reduced form of NAD | 15 | |
| 1974447822 | pyruvate | any salt or ester of pyruvic acid; the end product of glycolysis before entering the TCA cycle | 16 | |
| 1974447823 | acetyl CoA | a molecule that conveys the carbon atoms from glycolysis (pyruvate) to the citric acid cycle to be oxidized for energy production | 17 | |
| 1974447824 | Krebs cycle | a series of enzymatic reactions that occurs in all aerobic organisms; it involves the oxidative metabolism of acetyl units and serves as the main source of cellular energy | 18 | |
| 1974447825 | TCA cycle | an alternative name for the Krebs cycle or citric acid cycle | 19 | |
| 1974447826 | oxaloacetate | a four carbon molecule that receives an acetyl group from acetyl CoA to form citrate, which enters the citric acid cycle | 20 | |
| 1974447827 | citric acid cycle | a series of chemical reactions used by all aerobic organisms to generate energy through the oxidization of acetate derived from carbohydrates, fats, and proteins into carbon dioxide | 21 | |
| 1974447828 | Krebs cycle | a series of enzymatic reactions that occurs in all aerobic organisms; it involves the oxidative metabolism of acetyl units and serves as the main source of cellular energy | 22 | |
| 1974447829 | mitochondria | in cell biology, a mitochondrion (plural mitochondria) is a membrane-enclosed organelle, often described as "cellular power plants" because they generate most of the ATP | 23 | |
| 1974447830 | prosthetic group | The non-protein component of a conjugated protein. | 24 | |
| 1974447831 | ubiquinone | A lipid soluble substance that is a component of the electron transport chain and accepts electrons from complexes I and II. | 25 | |
| 1974447832 | complex | A structure consisting of a central atom, molecule, or protein weakly connected to surrounding atoms, molecules, or proteins. | 26 | |
| 1974447833 | chemiosmosis | The movement of ions across a selectively permeable membrane, down their electrochemical gradient. | 27 | |
| 1974447834 | oxidative phosphorylation | Oxidative phosphorylation (or OXPHOS in short) is a metabolic pathway that uses energy released by the oxidation of nutrients to produce adenosine triphosphate (ATP). | 28 | |
| 1974447835 | ATP synthase | ATP synthase is an important enzyme that provides energy for the cell to use through the synthesis of adenosine triphosphate (ATP). | 29 | |
| 1974447836 | catabolism | destructive metabolism, usually including the release of energy and breakdown of materials | 30 | |
| 1974447837 | archaea | The Archaea are a group of single-celled microorganisms. They have no cell nucleus or any other membrane-bound organelles within their cells. | 31 | |
| 1974447838 | anaerobic respiration | Anaerobic respiration is a form of respiration using electron acceptors other than oxygen. | 32 | |
| 1974447839 | fermentation | an anaerobic biochemical reaction, in yeast, for example, in which enzymes catalyze the conversion of sugars to alcohol or acetic acid with the evolution of carbon dioxide | 33 | |
| 1974447840 | monosaccharide | a simple sugar such as glucose, fructose, or deoxyribose that has a single ring | 34 | |
| 1974447841 | disaccharide | a sugar, such as sucrose, maltose, or lactose, consisting of two monosaccharides combined together | 35 | |
| 1974447842 | glycogen | a polysaccharide that is the main form of carbohydrate storage in animals; converted to glucose as needed | 36 | |
| 1974447843 | keto acid | any carboxylic acid that also contains a ketone group | 37 | |
| 1974447844 | deamination | the removal of an amino group from a compound | 38 | |
| 1974447845 | catabolism | destructive metabolism, usually including the release of energy and breakdown of materials | 39 | |
| 1974447846 | lipid | a group of organic compounds including the fats, oils, waxes, sterols, and triglycerides; characterized by being insoluble in water and account for most of the fat present in the human body | 40 | |
| 1974447847 | beta-oxidation | takes place in the matrix of the mitochondria and catabolizes fatty acids by converting them to acetyl groups while producing NADH and FADH2 in the process | 41 | |
| 1974447848 | metabolism | the complete set of chemical reactions that occur in living cells | 42 | |
| 1974447849 | allosteric | a compound that binds to an inactive site, affecting the activity of an enzyme by changing the conformation of the protein (can activate or deactivate) | 43 | |
| 1974447850 | enzyme | a globular protein that catalyses a biological chemical reaction | 44 | |
| 1974447851 | glycolysis | the cellular metabolic pathway of the simple sugar glucose to yield pyruvic acid and ATP as an energy source | 45 | |
| 1974447852 | kinase | any of a group of enzymes that transfers phosphate groups from high-energy donor molecules, such as ATP, to specific target molecules (substrates); the process is termed phosphorylation | 46 | |
| 1974447853 | phosphofructokinase | any of a group of kinase enzymes that convert fructose phosphates to biphosphate | 47 |
