Chapter 12
Cell Division / Mitosis
Vocabulary: gene, cell division, chromosomes, somatic cells, gametes, chromatin, sister chromatids, centromere, mitosis, cytokinesis, meiosis, mitotic phase, interphase, centrosome, aster, kinetochore, cleavage furrow, cell plate, mitotic spindle, binary fission, transformation, benign tumor, malignant tumor, metastasis
Objectives:
After attending lectures and studying the chapter, the student should be able to:
1. Define gene as it relates to the genetic material in a cell.
2. Describe the composition of the genetic material in bacteria, in archaea, and in eukaryotic cells.
3. State the location of the genetic material in prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells.
4. Distinguish between the structure of the genetic material as chromatin and as
chromosomes.
5. Distinguish between the function of the genetic material as chromatin and as
chromosomes.
6. Relating to eukaryotic cells:
a. Describe the centromere region in the genetic material.
b. State the role of cohesins in duplicated genetic material.
c. Describe the sister chromatids of a duplicated chromosome.
d. State the role of the kinetochores on the chromatids at the centromere of a duplicated
chromosome.
e. Describe spindle fibers and state their role in the separation of chromosomes during eukaryotic cell division.
f. Describe the role of centrosomes in the formation of the spindle apparatus.
g. Distinguish between a gene and an allele.
h. Describe homologous chromosomes.
i. Distinguish between an individual's genome and karyotype.
j. State the number of chromosomes in human haploid cells and in human diploid cells.
k. State which cells in humans are haploid, which cells are diploid, and which cells are neither.
7. State the two major parts of the cell cycle.
8. Describe the differences of growth characteristics between a cancerous (transformed) cell and a normal cell.
8. Relating to the prokaryotic cell cycle:
a. State the number of chromosomes in a prokaryotic cell.
b. State the cellular activities that occur during interphase.
c. Show the process of binary fission that is prokaryotic cell division.
9. Relating to the eukaryotic cell cycle:
a. Distinguish between interphase and cell division.
b. Distinguish between the G1, S, and G2 phases of interphase.
c. Define karyokinesis and cytokinesis.
d. State the two types of karyokinesis.
e. Distinguish between the M and C phases of cell division.
f. State when in the cell cycle duplication of the genetic material occurs.
10. Relating to cell division involving mitosis (mitosis + cytokinesis):
a. Define mitosis.
b. Explain why mitosis is sometimes considered "duplication division".
c. State what 1 human diploid cell becomes after mitosis plus cytokinesis.
d. State the reason humans undergo cell division involving mitosis.
e. State which cells in humans undergo cell division involving mitosis.
f. Be able to describe, draw, and recognize the 4 stages of mitosis.
g. Describe the cleavage-furrow process of cytokinesis in animal cells.
h. Describe the cell-plate process of cytokinesis in plant cells.
| 8739647761 | Cell Cycle | An ordered sequence of events in the life of a cell |  | 0 |
| 8739647762 | Mitosis | A process of nuclear division in eukaryotic cells. Produces genetically identical cells |  | 1 |
| 8739647763 | Cytokinesis | The division of the cytoplasm to form two separate daughter cells immediately after mitosis, meiosis I, or meiosis II. |  | 2 |
| 8739647764 | Cell Division | The reproduction of cells |  | 3 |
| 8739647765 | Genome | The genetic material of an organism or virus |  | 4 |
| 8739647766 | Chromosomes | A cellular structure carrying genetic material, found in the nucleus of eukaryotic cells. Each chromosome consists of one very long DNA molecule and associated proteins |  | 5 |
| 8739647767 | Chromatin | The complex of DNA and proteins that makes up eukaryotic chromosomes. When the cell is not dividing, exists in its dispersed form, as a mass of very long, thin fibers that are not visible with a light microscope |  | 6 |
| 8739647768 | Somatic Cells | Any cell in a multicellular organism except a sperm or egg |  | 7 |
| 8739647769 | Gametes | A haploid reproductive cell, such as an egg or sperm. Unite during sexual reproduction to produce a diploid zygote. |  | 8 |
| 8739647770 | Sister Chromatids | Two copies of a duplicated chromosome attached to each other by proteis at the centromere and sometimes, along the arms. While joined, two sister chromatids make up one chromosome. Chromatids are eventually separated during mitosis or meiosis II |  | 9 |
| 8739647771 | Centromere | Joins two sister chromatids |  | 10 |
| 8739647772 | How many chromatids are in a duplicated chromosome? | 2 | | 11 |
| 8739647773 | mitotic (M) phase | The phase of the cell cycle that includes mitosis and cytokinesis. |  | 12 |
| 8739647774 | interphase | The period in the cell cycle when the cell is not dividing. Cellular metabolic activity is high, chromosomes and organelles are duplicated, and cell size may increase. Often accounts for about 90% of the cell cycle. |  | 13 |
| 8739647775 | mitotic spindle | An assemblage of microtubules and associated proteins that is involved in the movement of chromosomes during mitosis. |  | 14 |
| 8739647777 | binary fission | A method of asexual reproduction by "division in half." |  | 15 |
| 8739647778 | asexual reproduction | A type of reproduction involving only one parent that produces genetically identical offspring by budding or by the division of a single cell or the entire organism into two or more parts. | 16 | |
| 8739647779 | sexual reproduction | A type of reproduction in which two parents give rise to offspring that have unique combinations of genes inherited from the gametes of the two parents. | 17 | |
| 8739647780 | diploid cell | A cell containing two sets of chromosomes (2n), one set inherited from each parent. | 18 | |
| 8739647781 | haploid cell | A cell containing only one set of chromosomes (n). | 19 | |
| 8739647783 | S Phase | The synthesis phase of the cell cycle; the portion of interphase during which DNA is replicated. | 20 | |
| 8739647784 | G2 Phase | The second gap, or growth phase, of the cell cycle, consisting of the portion of interphase after DNA synthesis occurs. | 21 | |
| 8739647785 | Centrosome | A structure present in the cytoplasm of animal cells that functions as a microtubule-organizing center and is important during cell division, contains the centriole. | 22 | |
| 8739647786 | Metaphase Plate | An imaginary structure located at a plane midway between the two poles of a cell in metaphase on which the centromeres of all the duplicated chromosomes are located. | 23 | |
| 8739647787 | Cleavage Furrow | The first sign of cleavage in an animal cell; a shallow groove around the cell in the cell surface near the old metaphase plate. | 24 | |
| 8739647788 | Cell Plate | A membrane-bounded, flattened sac located at the midline of a dividing plant cell, inside which the new cell wall forms during cytokinesis. | 25 | |
| 8739647789 | Cell cycle control system | A cyclically operating set of molecules in the eukaryotic cell that both triggers and coordinates key events in the cell cycle. | 26 | |
| 8739647790 | G0 Phase | A nondividing state occupied by cells that have left the cell cycle, sometimes reversibly. |  | 27 |
| 8739647791 | Growth Factor | (1) A protein that must be present in the extracellular environment (culture medium or animal body) for the growth and normal development of certain types of cells. (2) A local regulator that acts on nearby cells to stimulate cell proliferation and differentiation. | 28 | |
| 8739647792 | What are the 4 phases of mitosis? | Prophase Metaphase Anaphase Telophase | 29 | |
| 8739647793 | Prophase | The first stage of mitosis, in which 3 things happen: 1) chromatin condenses into chromosomes 2) Nuclear envelope breaks down 3) mitotic spindle fibers are assembled. | 30 | |
| 8739647794 | Metaphase | The 2nd stage of mitosis, in which the spindle is complete and the chromosomes, attached to microtubules at their kinetochores, are all aligned at the metaphase plate. |  | 31 |
| 8739647795 | Anaphase | The 3rd stage of mitosis, in which the chromatids of each chromosome have separated and the daughter chromosomes are moving to the poles of the cell. |  | 32 |
| 8739647796 | Telophase | The 4th and final stage of mitosis, in which daughter nuclei are forming and cytokinesis has typically begun. |  | 33 |
| 8739647797 | How many chromatids are in ONE duplicated chromosome? | 2 | | 34 |
| 8739647798 | spindle fibers | Microtubules involved in the movement of chromosomes during mitosis. | | 35 |
| 8739647799 | Through a microscope, you can see a cell with two nuclei.. This cell is most likely in what state Interphase, Prophase, Metaphase, Anaphase, Telophase | a plant cell in the process of cytokinesis. | 36 | |
| 8739647800 | Which of the following does NOT occur during mitosis? condensation of the chromosomes spindle formation separation of the spindle poles separation of sister chromatids replication of the DNA | replication of the DNA happens during interphase (not parto | 37 | |
| 8739647801 | What is Mitosis? | Cell division that generates new cells for growth and repair. The division of one cell into two genetically identical daughter cells | 38 | |
| 8739647802 | What are 2 parts of cell division? | Mitosis and Cytokinesis Cell division consists of two processes: mitosis and cytokinesis. Mitosis— division of the nucleus and its chromosomes | 39 | |
| 8739647803 | What happens during prophase? | 1. The nucleoli disappear 2. Chromatin fibers coil up to become discrete chromosomes. 3. Each chromosome consists of two identical sister chromatids, joined at the centromere. 4. Microtubules grow out from the centrosomes, initiating formation of the mitotic spindle. | 40 | |
| 8739647804 | What happens during metaphase? | 1. The mitotic spindle is fully formed 2. The microtubules attached to kinetochores move the chromosomes to the metaphase plate, an imaginary plane equidistant from the poles. | 41 | |
| 8739647805 | What happens during anaphase? | 1. The two centromeres of each chromosome come apart, separating the sister chromatids. 2. The spindle fibers pull apart the chromatids to form two nucleus of the cells. | 42 | |
| 8739647806 | What happens during Telophase? | 1. nuclear envelopes form around the identical sets of chromosomes at the two poles of the cell. 2. The chromosomes uncoil 3. Nucleoli appear in the two new nuclei. | 43 | |
| 8739647807 | G1 Phase | The first gap, or growth phase, of the cell cycle, consisting of the portion of interphase before DNA synthesis begins. | 44 | |
| 8739647808 | The function of the mitotic cell cycle is to produce daughter cells that _____. | are genetically identical to the parent cell (assuming no mutation has occurred) | 45 | |
| 8739647809 | The region of a chromosome holding the two double strands of replicated DNA together is called _____. | a centromere | | 46 |
| 8739647810 | "Cytokinesis" refers to _____. | division of the cytoplasm -The final stage of the cell cycle -is the division of the cytoplasm that follows the mitotic division of the nucleus. -END RESULT: Two genetically identical cells. | | 47 |
| 8739647811 | In telophase of mitosis, the mitotic spindle breaks down and the chromatin uncoils. This is essentially the opposite of what happens in _____. | Prophase During prophase, we observe the formation of the spindle, the condensation of chromatin, and the disappearance of the nucleolus. | 48 | |
| 8739647812 | The complex of DNA and protein that makes up a eukaryotic chromosome is properly called _____. | chromatin | | 49 |
| 8739647813 | A cell entering the cell cycle with 32 chromosomes will produce two daughter cells, each with _____. 64 chromosomes 32 pairs of chromosomes 64 pairs of chromosomes none of the above | None of the above | 50 | |
| 8739647814 | Chromatids are _____. A. found only in aberrant chromosomes B.composed of RNA C. identical copies of each other if they are part of the same chromosome D. held together by the centrioles E. the bacterial equivalent of eukaryotic chromosomes | identical copies of each other if they are part of the same chromosome | 51 | |
| 8739647815 | If a cell contains 60 chromatids at the start of mitosis, how many chromosomes will be found in each daughter cell at the completion of the cell cycle? 120 45 60 30 15 | 30 | 52 | |
| 8739647816 | During interphase, the genetic material of a typical eukaryotic cell is _____. | dispersed in the nucleus as long strands of chromatin | | 53 |
| 8739647817 | DNA replication occurs in _____. | the S phase of interphase in both somatic and reproductive cells |  | 54 |
| 8739667029 | Proto-oncogene | Stimulatory gene that codes for a protein that stimulates the progression of the cell cycle | 55 | |
| 8739671480 | tumor suppressor gene | Gene that produces a protein that halts the cell cycle if there is DNA damage, insufficient resources, etc. | 56 | |
| 8739685202 | p53, Rb, ATM, BRCA1 | example of tumor suppressor genes that code for proteins that halt the cell cycle to prevent cancerous tissue from developing | 57 | |
| 8739694114 | cyclin | Proteins that are involved in the regulation of the cell cycle, and that show fluctuations in concentration during the cell cycle | 58 |
