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AP Biology: Cell Respiration Flashcards

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132154808552How many NADH are produced during glycolysis?0
13215480856CoAPyruvate combines with what Pre-Krebs cycle?1
13215480857Acetyl CoAPyruvate becomes what before the Krebs cycle?2
132154808581 CO2 and 1 NADHBesides actetyl CoA, what is created in the Pre-Krebs cycle?3
13215480859OAAThe Krebs cycle begins when Acetyl CoA combines with what (abreviation)?4
13215480860citrateThe first product of the Krebs cycle is what?5
132154808611 ATP, 2 CO2, 1 FADH2, 3 NADHWhat's created in the Krebs cycle that doesn't recirculate?6
13215480862cytochromesCarrier proteins on the electron transport chain that contain iron7
132154808633How much ATP can NADH produce?8
132154808642How much ATP can FADH2 produce?9
1321548086536How much ATP could cellular respiration ideally create?10
13215480866intermembrane spaceH+ ions accumulate where in the mitochondria?11
13215480867inner membraneOxidative Phosphorylation occurs where in the mitochondria?12
13215480868matrixThe Krebs cycle occurs where in the mitochondria?13
13215480869matrixThe Pre-Krebs cycle occurs where in the mitochondria?14
13215480870lactateIn lactic acid fermentation, pyruvate is converted to what?15
13215480871NADH gives up its electrons to form NAD+What must happen for glycolysis to start in lactic acid fermentation, regarding energy?16
13215480872liverIn mammals, most lactate is sent to where in the body?17
13215480873inner membraneWhere is ATP synthase located in the mitochondria?18
13215480874bacteria, fungi, and plantsWhat organisms undergo alcohol fermentation?19
132154808751 acetaldehyde and 1 CO2For each pyruvate, what chemicals are produced in alcohol fermentation?20
132154808761 ethanol and 1 NAD+For each acetaldehyde, what chemicals are produced in alcohol fermentation?21
132154808772How many ATP does an organism undergoing alcohol fermentation produce per 2 pyruvate?22
13215480878the citric acid cycleWhat completes the energy-yielding oxidaton of organic molecules?23
132154808792 ATP, 2 pyruvate, 2H2O, and 2 NADH + 2H+What does Glycolysis produce?24
13215480880pyruvate and NADHWhat may enter the mitochondria for respiration?25
13215480881a mitochondrionWhat consists of an intermembrane space between the two membranes to house H+?26
13215480882H+What is housed that has been pumped across the inner membrane during the redox reactions of the electron transport chain?27
13215480883oxidative phosphorylationWhat is a chemiosmotic mechanism in which a proton motive force drives protons through ATP synthases located in the membrane?28
13215480884redox reactionswhat are oxidatin-reduction reactions29
13215480885redox-reactionWhat reactions involve the partial or complete transfer of one or more electrons from one reactant on another?30
13215480886oxidationWhat is the loss of electrons from one substance?31
13215480887reductionWhat is the addition of electrons to another substance?32
13215480888reducing agentWhat is a synonym for an electron donor?33
13215480889reducing agentThe substance that loses electrons becomes oxidized and acts as a what to the substance that gains electrons?34
13215480890oxidizing agentBy gaining electrons, a substance acts as a what and becomes reduced?35
13215480891oxidizing agentWhat is a synonym for an electron acceptor?36
13215480892oxygenChemical energy is released in a redox reaction that relocates electrons closer to what?37
13215480893two hydrogen atomsWhat are removed by enzymes called dehydrogenases during the oxidation of glucose?38
13215480894NAD+the two electrons and one proton are passes to what coenzyme, reducing it to NADH?39
13215480895an electron transport chainEnergy from respiration is slowly released in a series of small steps as electrons are passed from NADH down what?40
13215480896the citric acid cycleWhat is located in the mitochondrial matrix?41
13215480897pyruvate; carbon dioxideThe citric acid cycle converts a derivative of what into what?42
13215480898dehydrogenase enzymesWhat enzymes transfer electrons to NAD+43
13215480899NADHWhat passes electrons to the electron transport chain?44
13215480900oxidative phosphorylationThe energyreleased though a chain of redox reactions is used to synthesize ATP by what?45
13215480901the energy-investment phase and the energy pay-off phaseWhat are the phases of Glycolysis46
13215480902kinasesWhat transfer phosphate groups?47
13215480903a dehydrogenaseWhat oxidizes glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate48
13215480904a dehydrogenaseWhat enzyme reduces NAD+?49
13215480905pyruvateWhat is actively transported into the mitochondrion?50
13215480906acetate; NAD+; NADHthe remaining two-carbon group is oxidized to form what with the accompanying reduction of what to what?51
13215480907acetyl CoAWhat does coenzyme A form when it's attached to the acetate by an unstable bond?52
13215480908oxaloacetateDuring the citric acid cycle, citrate is progressively decomposed back to what?53
13215480909two carbonFor each turn of the citric acid cycle, what enters in the reduced form from acetyl CoA54
13215480910three; oneDuring each turn of the citric acid cycle, how many NADH and how many FADH2 are formed?55
13215480911oneHow many ATp are made by substrate-level phosphorylation?56
13215480912twoThere are how many turns of the citric acid cycle for each glucose molecule oxidized?57
13215480913hexokinaseWhat enzyme phosphoylizes glucose?58
13215480914phosphoglucoisomeraseWhat turns glucose-6-phosphate into fructose-6-phosphate?59
13215480915OxaloacetateWhat bonds with Acetyl CoA to create a product?60
13215480916CitrateAcetyl CoA creates what product?61
13215480917the cytochromeWhat is a chain of proteins that will accept NADH and FADH2?62
13215480918NADHWhere do the protons come from on the electron transport chain?63
13215480919electron transport chainsWhat are embedded in the cristae of the inner mitochondrial membrane?64
13215480920tightly bound, nonprotein prosthetic groupsMost components of the electron transport chain are proteins with what?65
13215480921cytochromesWhat are proteins with an iron-containing heme group?66
13215480922cytochromesAfter the transfer of electrons, electrons pass down a series of molecules called what?67
13215480923the last cytochromeWhat passes electrons to oxygen?68
13215480924FADH2What adds its electrons to the chain at a lower energy chain?69
13215480925ATP synthaseWhat is a protein complex embedded in the inner membrane70
13215480926ATP synthaseWhat uses the energy of a proton (H+) gradient to make ATP71
13215480927the electron transport chainWhat creates the proton gradient?72
13215480928exergonic redox reactionsWhat reactions produce the H+ gradient that drives the production of ATP in mitochondria?73
13215480929transport molecules, make ATP, and rotate flagellaProkaryotes use H+ gradients generated across their plasma membranes to what?74
13215480930substrate-level phosphorylationfermentation is the anaerobic catabolism of organic nutrients to generate ATP by what?75
13215480931glycolysis with NAD+Both fermentation and respiration use what as the oxidizing agent to convert glucose and other organic fuels to pyruvate?76
13215480932pyruvate or acetaldhydeto oxidize NADH back to NAD+, fermentation uses what as the final electron acceptor?77
13215480933faculative anaerobesWhat anaerobes can make ATP by fermentation or respiration, depending upon the availability of oxygen?78
13215480934fats, proteins, and carbohydratesWhat can all by used by cellular respiration to make ATP?79
13215480935proteinsWhat are digested into amino acids, which then deaminated, and can enter into respiration at several sites?80
13215480936glycerol and fatty acidsWhat is yielded by by the digestion of fats?81
13215480937beta oxidationFatty acids are broken down by what to acetyl CoA?82
13215480938phosphoglucoisomeraseWhat enzyme turns glucose 6-phosphate into fructose-6-phosphate?83
13215480939exergonicIn the first reaction of the glycolysis, glucose recieves a phosphate group from ATP. This reaction is what?84
13215480940the citric acid cycleThe oxidation of pyruvate to carbon dioxide is called what?85
13215480941the citric acid cycleThe carbon dioxide that animal cells breathe out is created by what process?86
13215480942ATPA drug destroys the proton gradient across the inner mitochondrial membrane. If you incubate the isolated mitochondria in a solution of the drug, what wouldn't be made during transport of electrons down the respiratory chain?87
13215480943oxidative phosphorizationWhat process includes the electon transport chain and chemiosmosis?88
13215480944energy is releasedWhat happens when electrons move closer to a more electronegative atom?89
13215480945oxygenIn cellular respiration, what becomes reduced?90
13215480946a substrate that is phosphorylatedWhat kind of substrate has an increased reactivity and is primed to do work?91
13215480947three ATPOxidative phosphorylation produces how many ATP per NADH that's oxidized?92
13215480948substrate-level phosphorylationWhat process is the energy source for faculative anaerobes under aerobic conditions?93
13215480949mobile electron carriersQ and cytochrome c are what?94
13215480950the conversion of pyruvate to acetyl CoAWhat causes a multienzyme complex to remove a carboxyl group, transfer electrons to NAD+, and attach to a coenzyme?95
13215480951twoHow many molecules of CO2 are generated for each molecule of acetyl CoA introduced into the citric acid cycle?96
13215480952ATP and NAD+From an energetic viewpoint, what do muscle cells in oxygen deprivation gain from the reduction of pyruvate?97
13215480953twoin alcoholic fermentation, how much alcohol is formed with each molecule of glucose?98
13215480954fatsWhat makes the most ATP per gram because they are highly reduced compounds?99
13215480955intermediatesFats and proteins can be converted to what of glycolysis or the citric acid cycle?100
13215480956triose phosphate dehydrogenaseWhich enzyme would use NAD+ as a coenzyme?101
13215480957fructose bisphosphateWhich compound has the highest free energy (will produce the most ATP when oxidized?102
13215480958a reduction reactionacetaldehyde (C2H4O) to ethanol (C2H6O) is what type of reaction?103
132154809592 pyruvate, 2 CoA, and 2 NAD+What are the inputs to the oxidation of pyruvate to acetyl CoA?104
132154809602 acetyl CoA, 2 CO2, and 2 NADH + 2H+What are the outputs of the oxidation of pyruvate to acetyl CoA?105
13215480961glucose, 2 ATP, 2 NAD+, 4 ADP + (P)iWhat are the inputs of glycolysis?106
132154809622 acetyl CoA, 2 ADP + (P)i, 6 NAD+, and 2 FADWhat are the inputs of the citric acid cycle?107
132154809632 CoA, 4 CO2, 2 ATP, 6 NADH + 6H+, and 2 FADH2What are the outputs of the citric acid cycle?108
1321548096410 NADH + H+, 2 FADH2, H+ + O2, and 34 ADP + (P)iWhat are the inputs of oxidative phosphorylation?109
1321548096510 NAD+, 2 FAD, H2O, 34 ATPWhat are the outputs of oxidative phosphorylation?110
132154809662 pyruvate and 2 NADHWhat is the input of fermentation (doesn't include the input of glycolyis)111
132154809672 ATP, 2 NAD+, 2 ethanol and 2 CO2 or 2 lactateWhat are the outputs of fermentation?112
13215480968the mitochondrial matrixWhere is the ATP synthase?113
13215480969the intermembrane spaceWhere is the proton gradient?114
13215480970NADH+H+ to NAD+In the I of the electron transport chain, what turns into what?115
132154809712H+ + 1/2 O2 to H2OIn the IV of the elctron transport chain, what turns into what?116
132154809722; 0; 2How many NADH, FADH2, and ATP is created in Glycolysis?117
132154809732; 0; 0How many NADH, FADH2, and ATP is created in Conversion to Acetyl CoA?118
132154809746; 2; 2How many NADH, FADH2, and ATP is created in the Citric Acid Cycle?119
132154809753How many ATP are generated from one NADH?120
132154809762How many ATP are generated from one FADH2?121
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