A Tour of the Cell
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| 8352731173 | History of Cells (Review) | 1665- Robert Hooke, observed cells in cork 1833 - Robert Brown, discovered the nucleus 1838 - M.J. Schleiden, all plants are made of cells 1839 - T. Schwann, all animals are made of cells | 0 | |
| 8352731174 | Cell Theory (Review) | 1. all living matter is composed of one or more cells 2. the cell is the structural and functional unit of life 3. all cells come from cells | 1 | |
| 8352731175 | Prokaryotic Cells | lack a nucleus and other membrane bounded structures domains: Bacteria and Archaea |  | 2 |
| 8352731176 | Eukaryotic Cells | have a nucleus and other membrane bounded structures; protists, fungi, animals and plants; much larger than prokaryotes |  | 3 |
| 8352731177 | Why are cells so small? | cell volume-to-surface area ratios favor small size; surface area increases by a factor of n2, the volume increases by a factor of n3; small cells have a greater surface area relative to volume, this allows substances to cross the cell membrane in an efficient manner | 4 | |
| 8352731178 | Basic Cell Organization | membrane, nucleus, cytoplasm, organelles | 5 | |
| 8352731179 | Cell/Plasma Membrane | found in both Eukaryotes and Prokaryotes, made of phospholipid bilayer function: separates the cell from the environment; boundary layer for regulating the movement of materials in/out of a cell |  | 6 |
| 8352731180 | Cytoplasm/Cytosol | the "fluid" part of a cell exists in two forms: gel - thick; sol - fluid function: cell substance between the cell membrane and the nucleus |  | 7 |
| 8352731181 | Organelle | term means "small organ", membrane-enclosed structures (or compartment) in a cell with a specialized function; important in organizational structure of cells function: way to form compartments in cells to separate chemical reactions, keeps various enzymes separated in space |  | 8 |
| 8352731182 | Membrane-Bound Organelles | nucleus, endoplasmic reticulum, golgi apparatus, lysosome, mitochondria, chloroplast, vacuole, vesicle (*ribosomes are not membrane bound*) | 9 | |
| 8352731183 | Nucleus | Most conspicuous organelle; structure: usually spherical, but can be lobed or irregular in shape consists of: Nuclear Envelope, Nuclear pores, Nucleolus, Chromatin function: contains the genetic instructions in a cell |  | 10 |
| 8352731184 | Nuclear Envelope/Membrane | double membrane that surrounds nucleus; inner membrane supported by a protein matrix which gives the shape to the nucleus |  | 11 |
| 8352731185 | Nuclear Pores | regular "holes" through both membranes; protein complex gives shape; allows materials in/out of nucleus | 12 | |
| 8352731186 | Nucleolus | dark staining area in the nucleus; 0 - 4 per nucleus; synthesizes or creates ribosomes |  | 13 |
| 8352731187 | Chromatin | (chrom: colored; - tin: threads) DNA + Protein in a "loose" format; DNA is wrapped around proteins that forms the cell's chromosomes to make it all fit inside of the nucleus |  | 14 |
| 8352731188 | Ribosomes | structure: 2 subunits made of protein and rRNA, no membrane function: protein synthesis *eukaryotes and prokaryotes BOTH have ribosomes, but they are different in size* found in: cytosol (free) and on outside of rough ER (bound) |  | 15 |
| 8352731189 | Endomembrane System | membranes that are related through direct physical continuity or by the transfer of membrane segments called vesicles | 16 | |
| 8352731190 | Endoplasmic Reticulum | (often referred to as ER) makes up to 1/2 of the total membrane in cells structure: folded sheets or tubes of membranes; often continuous with the nuclear membrane |  | 17 |
| 8352731191 | Smooth ER | no ribosomes function: used for lipid synthesis, carbohydrate storage, detoxification of poisons |  | 18 |
| 8352731192 | Rough ER | with ribosomes function: synthesizes secretory proteins to be excreted by the cell (ex: insulin) |  | 19 |
| 8352731193 | Golgi Apparatus | structure: parallel array of flattened cisternae (3 to 20 per cell) function: processing - modification of ER products; distribution - packaging of ER products for transport into vesicles |  | 20 |
| 8352731194 | Lysosome | structure: single membrane made from the Golgi apparatus function:contains hydrolytic enzymes that work best inside the acidic environment inside of the lysosome; breakdown of fats, proteins, polysaccharides, and nucleic acids, and also old or unneeded cellular materials |  | 21 |
| 8352731195 | Vacuoles | structure: single membrane, usually made by ER and Golgi apparatus function: depends on the organism. Plant Vacuoles- makes up 90% of the cell's volume - Water storage, ion storage, can enlarge cells and create turgor pressure, stores pigments toxins and enzymes Contractile Vacuoles- pump excess water out of protists Food Vacuoles- formed by phagocytosis and digested by lysosomes |  | 22 |
| 8352731196 | Mitochondria | structure: 2 membranes the inner membrane has more surface area than the outer membrane matrix: inner space Intermembrane space: area between the membranes folded into "cristae" function: cell Respiration - the release of energy from food; major location of ATP generation |  | 23 |
| 8352731197 | Chloroplast | structure: arranged into flattened sacs called thylakoids, some regions stacked into layers called grana which are surround by a fluid called storm; contains chlorophyll (green pigment) function: photosynthesis |  | 24 |
| 8352731198 | Endosymbiotic Theory | mitochondria and chloroplasts were once free-living prokaryotes that got englufed by what we now know as a eukaryotic cell | 25 | |
| 8352731199 | Peroxisomes | specialized metabolic compartments bounded by a single membrane function: contain enzymes that add Hydrogen atoms to O2 to generate hydrogen peroxide and enzymes that then convert it to water (ex: liver cells can detoxify alcohol by doing this) | 26 | |
| 8352731200 | Cytoskeleton | network of protein rods and filaments in the cytoplasm; Microtubules, Microfilaments, Intermediate Filaments function: cell structure and shape; cell movement; cell division (helps build cell walls and move the chromosomes apart) | 27 | |
| 8352731201 | Cilia | short, but numerous; found in respiratory passage cells function: to move cells or to sweep materials past a cell |  | 28 |
| 8352731202 | Flagella | long, but few; found on the end of sperm function: to move cells or to sweep materials past a cell | | 29 |
| 8352731203 | Cell Wall | nonliving jacket that surrounds some cells 1. plants = made of cellulose 2. bacteria = peptidoglycan 3. fungi = chitin found in: plants, prokaryotes, fungi, some protists function: cell's exoskeleton - support and protection | 30 | |
| 8352731204 | Extracellular Matrix | "fuzzy outer coat" of animal cells structure: made of glycoproteins and collagen function: helps glue cells together evidence suggests ECM is involved with cell behavior and cell communication | 31 | |
| 8352731205 | Tight Junctions | tight fusion of the membranes of adjacent cells seals off areas between cells - prevent leakage (ex: skin epithelial cells) |  | 32 |
| 8352731206 | Desmosomes | bundles of filaments that anchor junctions between cells linking them together into strong sheets (ex: muscle cells) | | 33 |
| 8352731207 | Gap Junctions | provide cytoplasmic channels from one cell to an adjacent cell, similar to plasmodesmata in plants, materials {ions, sugars, amino acids} can pass through (ex: heart muscle) | | 34 |
| 8352731208 | Plasmodesmata | channels between adjacent cell walls; allow communication between cells | 35 |
