This basic review covers bacteria, viruses, eukaryotic cells, cell theory, organelles, cell membrane structure, and passive and active transport.
9088735252 | Prokaryotic cell | Simple, no nucleus, many have cell wall with peptidoglycan, bacteria | ![]() | 0 |
9088735253 | Eukaryotic cell | Complex cell with a nucleus and many membrane-bound organelles | ![]() | 1 |
9088735254 | Organelle | "little organ" - compartmentalized structures that perform specific functions | ![]() | 2 |
9088735255 | Cell | Basic functional unit of all living things | ![]() | 3 |
9088735256 | Cell membrane | Separates internal metabolic events from the external environment, controls movement of materials into and out of the cell | ![]() | 4 |
9088735257 | Nucleus | Contains DNA and acts as the control center of the cell | ![]() | 5 |
9088735258 | Nuclear envelope | Two phospholipid bilayers that surround the nucleus; contain nuclear pores to allow RNA and ribosomes to exit; attaches to rough ER | ![]() | 6 |
9088735259 | Nucleolus | Found within nucleus; makes ribosomes | ![]() | 7 |
9088735260 | Ribosomes | Make proteins; consist of small and large subunit; composed of rRNA and proteins | ![]() | 8 |
9088735261 | Free ribosomes | Float in the cytosol; produce proteins used within the cell | 9 | |
9088735262 | Bound ribosomes | Attached to rough ER; make proteins for export from the cell | 10 | |
9088735263 | Rough endoplasmic reticulum (ER) | Ribosomes present; creates glycoproteins, packages proteins for secretion, sends transport vesicles to Golgi, makes replacement membranes | ![]() | 11 |
9088735264 | Smooth endoplasmic reticulum (ER) | No ribosomes; makes lipids and steroid hormones, metabolizes carbs, stores calcium and helps regulate muscle contraction, breakdown of toxins, drugs, and toxic by-products | ![]() | 12 |
9088735265 | Golgi apparatus/body/complex | Collect and modify proteins and lipids made in other areas of the cell and package them into vesicles; as proteins exit, they are packaged in a vesicle that goes through exocytosis | ![]() | 13 |
9088735266 | Lysosomes | Contain hydrolytic enzymes that break down food, cellular debris, and foreign invaders like bacteria | ![]() | 14 |
9088735267 | Peroxisomes | Break down various toxic substances like hydrogen peroxide, fatty acids, and amino acids | ![]() | 15 |
9088735268 | Mitochondria | Perform cellular respiration to convert glucose into ATP | ![]() | 16 |
9088735269 | Chloroplasts | Perform chloroplasts to convert sunlight into glucose | ![]() | 17 |
9088735270 | Cytoskeleton | Network of protein fibers extending from the nucleus to the membrane - structural support, motility, and regulation | ![]() | 18 |
9088735271 | Microtubules | Tubulin; provides support and motility for cellular activities; found in spindle fibers, flagella, and cilia | 19 | |
9088735272 | Intermediate filaments | Keratin; provide support for maintaining cell shape | 20 | |
9088735273 | Microfilaments (actin filaments) | Actin; involved in cell motility, found in muscle cells and amoeba; in plants, they promote cytoplasmic streaming | 21 | |
9088735274 | Centrioles | Microtubule organizing center; located in centrosome; make up and organize spindle fibers during cell division | ![]() | 22 |
9088735275 | Cilia | Extension of the cytoskeleton that allow the cell to move; oar-like movement that moves the cell perpendicular to the cilium; many and short | ![]() | 23 |
9088735276 | Flagella | Extension of the cytoskeleton that allow the cell to move; whip-like movement; cell moves in same direction as flagellum; few and long | ![]() | 24 |
9088735277 | Transport vesicle | Move materials through the cell | ![]() | 25 |
9088735278 | Food vacuole | Temporary receptacle of nutrients, often merge with lysosomes for digestion | 26 | |
9088735279 | Contractile vacuoles | Collect and pump excess water out of the cell | ![]() | 27 |
9088735280 | Central vacuoles | Large bodies occupying most of the interior of many plant cells; maintain rigidity of cell wall, stores things, allows cell to "grow" | ![]() | 28 |
9088735281 | Cell wall | Provide support for the cell on the outside of the plasma membrane; found in plants, fungi, and many protists | ![]() | 29 |
9088735282 | Organelles only in plants | Cell wall, chloroplast, central vacuole | 30 | |
9088735283 | Organelles only in animals | Centrioles, lysosomes, cholesterol in the plasma membrane | 31 | |
9088735284 | Endosymbiotic theory | Mitochondria and chloroplasts originated from ancient prokaryotes that invaded other prokaryotic cells, and formed a symbiotic relationship | ![]() | 32 |
9088735285 | Evidence for endosymbiotic theory | Mitochondria and chloroplasts possess their own DNA similar to prokaryotes; ribosomes resemble that of prokaryotes; they reproduce independently of the cell; two membranes may have resulted from vesicular endocytosis. | 33 |