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AP Biology Cell Structure Flashcards

This basic review covers bacteria, viruses, eukaryotic cells, cell theory, organelles, cell membrane structure, and passive and active transport.

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9088735252Prokaryotic cellSimple, no nucleus, many have cell wall with peptidoglycan, bacteria0
9088735253Eukaryotic cellComplex cell with a nucleus and many membrane-bound organelles1
9088735254Organelle"little organ" - compartmentalized structures that perform specific functions2
9088735255CellBasic functional unit of all living things3
9088735256Cell membraneSeparates internal metabolic events from the external environment, controls movement of materials into and out of the cell4
9088735257NucleusContains DNA and acts as the control center of the cell5
9088735258Nuclear envelopeTwo phospholipid bilayers that surround the nucleus; contain nuclear pores to allow RNA and ribosomes to exit; attaches to rough ER6
9088735259NucleolusFound within nucleus; makes ribosomes7
9088735260RibosomesMake proteins; consist of small and large subunit; composed of rRNA and proteins8
9088735261Free ribosomesFloat in the cytosol; produce proteins used within the cell9
9088735262Bound ribosomesAttached to rough ER; make proteins for export from the cell10
9088735263Rough endoplasmic reticulum (ER)Ribosomes present; creates glycoproteins, packages proteins for secretion, sends transport vesicles to Golgi, makes replacement membranes11
9088735264Smooth endoplasmic reticulum (ER)No ribosomes; makes lipids and steroid hormones, metabolizes carbs, stores calcium and helps regulate muscle contraction, breakdown of toxins, drugs, and toxic by-products12
9088735265Golgi apparatus/body/complexCollect and modify proteins and lipids made in other areas of the cell and package them into vesicles; as proteins exit, they are packaged in a vesicle that goes through exocytosis13
9088735266LysosomesContain hydrolytic enzymes that break down food, cellular debris, and foreign invaders like bacteria14
9088735267PeroxisomesBreak down various toxic substances like hydrogen peroxide, fatty acids, and amino acids15
9088735268MitochondriaPerform cellular respiration to convert glucose into ATP16
9088735269ChloroplastsPerform chloroplasts to convert sunlight into glucose17
9088735270CytoskeletonNetwork of protein fibers extending from the nucleus to the membrane - structural support, motility, and regulation18
9088735271MicrotubulesTubulin; provides support and motility for cellular activities; found in spindle fibers, flagella, and cilia19
9088735272Intermediate filamentsKeratin; provide support for maintaining cell shape20
9088735273Microfilaments (actin filaments)Actin; involved in cell motility, found in muscle cells and amoeba; in plants, they promote cytoplasmic streaming21
9088735274CentriolesMicrotubule organizing center; located in centrosome; make up and organize spindle fibers during cell division22
9088735275CiliaExtension of the cytoskeleton that allow the cell to move; oar-like movement that moves the cell perpendicular to the cilium; many and short23
9088735276FlagellaExtension of the cytoskeleton that allow the cell to move; whip-like movement; cell moves in same direction as flagellum; few and long24
9088735277Transport vesicleMove materials through the cell25
9088735278Food vacuoleTemporary receptacle of nutrients, often merge with lysosomes for digestion26
9088735279Contractile vacuolesCollect and pump excess water out of the cell27
9088735280Central vacuolesLarge bodies occupying most of the interior of many plant cells; maintain rigidity of cell wall, stores things, allows cell to "grow"28
9088735281Cell wallProvide support for the cell on the outside of the plasma membrane; found in plants, fungi, and many protists29
9088735282Organelles only in plantsCell wall, chloroplast, central vacuole30
9088735283Organelles only in animalsCentrioles, lysosomes, cholesterol in the plasma membrane31
9088735284Endosymbiotic theoryMitochondria and chloroplasts originated from ancient prokaryotes that invaded other prokaryotic cells, and formed a symbiotic relationship32
9088735285Evidence for endosymbiotic theoryMitochondria and chloroplasts possess their own DNA similar to prokaryotes; ribosomes resemble that of prokaryotes; they reproduce independently of the cell; two membranes may have resulted from vesicular endocytosis.33

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