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| 5013804797 | metabolism | The totality of an organism's chemical reactions, consistiing of catabolic and anabolic pathways, which manage the material and energy resources of the organism. | 0 | |
| 5013804798 | metabolic pathway | A series of chemical reactions that either builds a complex molecule or breaks down a complex molecule into simpler compounds. | 1 | |
| 5013804799 | anabolic pathway | A series of chemical reactions that builds a complex molecule. | 2 | |
| 5013804800 | catabolic | A series of chemical reactions that breaks down a complex molecule. | 3 | |
| 5013804801 | bioenergetics | The overall flow and transformation of energy in an organism. Also, the study of how energy flows through organisms. | 4 | |
| 5013804802 | energy | The capacity to cause change, especially to do work. | 5 | |
| 5013804803 | kinetic energy | The energy associated with the relative motion of objects. | 6 | |
| 5013804804 | thermal energy | The total amount of kinetic energy due to the random motion of atoms or molecules in a body of matter. This is energy in its most random form. | 7 | |
| 5013804805 | potential energy | The energy that matter possesses as a result of its location or spacial arrangement (structure). | 8 | |
| 5013804806 | chemical energy | Energy available in molecules for relase in a chemical reaction; a form of potential energy. | 9 | |
| 5013804807 | thermodynamics | The study of energy transformations that occur in a collection of matter. | 10 | |
| 5013804808 | entropy | A measure of disorder or randomness. | 11 | |
| 5013804809 | 1st law of thermodynamics | The principle of conservation of energy: energy can be transferred and transformed, but it cannot be created or destroyed. | 12 | |
| 5013804810 | 2nd law of thermodynamics | The principle stating that every energy transfer or transformation increases the entropy of the universe. Ordered forms of energy are at least partly converted to heat. | 13 | |
| 5013804811 | free energy | The portion of a biological system's energy that can perform work when temperature and pressure are uniform throughout the system. | 14 | |
| 5013804812 | exergonic reaction | A spontaneous chemical reaction, in which there is a net release of free energy. | 15 | |
| 5013804813 | endergonic reaction | A non-spontaneous chemical reaction, in which free energy is absorbed from the surroundings. | 16 | |
| 5013804814 | energy coupling | In cellular metabolism, the use of energy released from an exergonic reaction to drive an endergonic reaction. | 17 | |
| 5013804815 | ATP | An adenine-containing nucleoside triphosphate that releases free energy when its phosphate bonds are hydrolyzed. The energy is used to drive endergonic reactions in cells. | 18 | |
| 5013804816 | adenosine triphosphate | What does ATP stand for? | 19 | |
| 5013804817 | phosphorylated | Referring to a molecule that is covalently bonded to a phosphate group. | 20 | |
| 5013804818 | enzyme | A macromolecule serving as a catlyst, a chemical agent that changes the rate of a reaction without being consumed by the reaction. | 21 | |
| 5013804819 | catalyst | A chemical agent that increases the rate of a reaction without being consumed by the reaction. | 22 | |
| 5013804820 | activation energy | The amount of energy that reactants must absorb before a chemical reaction will start. | 23 | |
| 5013804821 | substrate | The reactant on which an enzyme works. | 24 | |
| 5013804822 | enzyme-substrate complex | A temporary complex formed when an enzyme binds to its substrate molecule. | 25 | |
| 5013804823 | induced fit | Induced by entry of the substrate, the change in shape of the active site of an enzyme so that it bonds more snugly to the substrate. | 26 | |
| 5013804824 | cofactor | Any nonprotein molecule or ion that is required for the proper functioning of an enzyme. They can be permanently bound tot he active site or may bind loosely with the substrate during catalysis. | 27 | |
| 5013804825 | coenzyme | An organic molecule serving as a cofactor. Most vitamins are these kinds of molecules. | 28 | |
| 5013804826 | competitive inhibitor | A substance that reduces the activity of an enzyme by entering the active site in place of the substrate whose structure it mimics. | 29 | |
| 5013804827 | non-competitive inhibitor | A substance that reduces the activity of an enzyme by binding to a location remote from the active site, changing the enzyme's shape so that the active site no longer functions effectively. | 30 | |
| 5013804828 | allosteric regulation | The binding of a regulatory molecule to a protein at one site that affects the function of the protein at a different site. | 31 | |
| 5013804829 | cooperativity | A kind of allosteric regulation whereby a shape change in one subunit of a protein caused by substrate binding is transmitted to all the others, facilitating binding of the subsequent substrate molecules. | 32 | |
| 5013804830 | feedback inhibition | A method of metabolic control in which the end product of a metabolic pathway acts as an inhibitor of an enzyme within that pathway. | 33 | |
| 5013804831 | fermentation | A catabolic process that makes a limited amount of ATP from glucose without an electron transport chain and that produces a characteristic end product, such as ethyl alcohol or lactic acid. | 34 | |
| 5013804832 | aerobic respiration | A catabolic pathway that consumes oxygen and organic molecules, producing ATP. This is the most efficient catabolic pathway and is carried out in most eukaryotic cells and many prokaryotic organisms. | 35 | |
| 5013804833 | cellular respiration | The catabolic pathways of aerobic and anaerobic respiration, which break down organic molecules for the production of ATP. | 36 | |
| 5013804834 | redox reactions | A chemical reaction involving the complete or partial transfer of one or more electrons from one reactant to another; short for oxidation-reduction reaction. | 37 | |
| 5013804835 | oxidation | The loss of electrons from a substance involved in a redox reaction. | 38 | |
| 5013804836 | reduction | The addition of electrons to a substance involved in a redox reaction. | 39 | |
| 5013804837 | reducing agent | A electron donor in a redox reaction. | 40 | |
| 5013804838 | oxidizing agent | The electron acceptor in a redox reaction. | 41 | |
| 5013804839 | electron transport chain | A sequence of electron carrier molecules (membrane proteins) that shuttle electrons during the redox reactions that release energy used to make ATP. | 42 | |
| 5013804840 | NAD+ | Nictinamide adenine dinucleotide, a coenzyme that can accept an electron and act as an electron carrier in the electron transport chain. | 43 | |
| 5013804841 | NADP+ | Nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate, an electron acceptor that temporarily stores energized electrons produced during the light reactions. | 44 | |
| 5013804842 | nictinamide adenine dinucleotide | What does NAD stand for? | 45 | |
| 5013804843 | nictinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate | What does NADP stand for? | 46 | |
| 5013804844 | glycolysis | The splitting of glucose into pyruvate. This occurs in almost all living cells, serving as the starting point for fermentation or cellular respiration. | 47 | |
| 5013804845 | citric acid cycle | A chemical cycle involving eight steps that completes the metabolic breakdown of glucose molecules begun in glycolysis by oxidizing pyruvate to carbon dioxide. it occurs within hte mitochondrion in eukaryotic cells and in the cytosol of prokaryotes. This is the second major stage in cellular respiration. | 48 | |
| 5013804846 | oxidative phosphorylation | The production of ATP using energy derived from the redox reactions of an electron transport chain. The third major stage of cellular respiration. | 49 | |
| 5013804847 | substrate-level phosphorylation | The formation of ATP by an enzyme directly transferring a phosphate group to ADP from an intermediate substrate in catabolism. | 50 | |
| 5013804848 | acetyl CoA | The entry compound for the citric acid cycle in cellular respiration, formed from a fragment of pyruvate attached to a coenzyme. | 51 | |
| 5013804849 | cytochrome | An iron-containing protein that is a component of electron transport chains in the mitochondria and chloroplasts of eukaryotic cells and the plasma membranes of prokaryotic cells. | 52 | |
| 5013804850 | ATP synthase | A complex of several membrane proteins that provide a port through which proteins diffuse. This complex functions in chemiosmosis with adjacent electron transport chains, using the energy of a hydrogen ion (proton) concentration gradient to make ATP. They are found in the inner mitochondrial membrane of eukaryotic cells and in the plasma membrane of prokaryotes. | 53 | |
| 5013804851 | chemiosmosis | An energy-coupling mechanism that uses energy stored in the form of a hydrogen ion gradient across a membrane to drive cellular work, such as the synthesis of ATP. Most ATP synthesis in cells occurs by chemiosmosis. | 54 | |
| 5013804852 | proton-motive force | The potential energy stored in the form of an electrochemical gradient, generated byt he pumping of hydrogen ions across a biological membrane during chemiosmosis. | 55 | |
| 5013804853 | alcohol fermentation | Glycolysis followed by the conversion of pyruvate to carbon dioxide and ethyl alcohol. | 56 | |
| 5013804854 | lactic acid fermentation | Glycolysis followed by the conversion of pyruvate to lactate, with no release of carbon dioxide. | 57 | |
| 5013804855 | obligate aerobe | An organism that requires oxygen for celular respiration and cannot live without it. | 58 | |
| 5013804856 | obligate anaerobe | An organism that only carries out fermentation or anaerobic respiration. Such organisms cannot use oxygen and in fact may be poisoned by it. | 59 | |
| 5013804857 | facultative anaerobe | An organism that makes ATP by aerobic respiration if oxygen is present, but that switches to anaerobic respiration or fermentation if oxygen is not present. | 60 | |
| 5013804858 | beta oxidation | A metabolic sequence that breaks fatty acids down to two-carbon fragments that enter the citric acid cycle as acetyl CoA. | 61 | |
| 5013804859 | anaerobic respiration | The use of inorganic molecules other than oxygen to accept electrons at the "downhill" end of electron transport chains. | 62 | |
| 5013804860 | ethanol | C2H5OH, or alcohol which is made in prokaryotic cells during glycolysis to recycle NADH. | 63 | |
| 5013804861 | lactic acid | This is produced in muscle cells from the reduction of pyruvate (under anaerobic conditions) to regenerate NAD+ so that glycolysis can continue. | 64 | |
| 5013804862 | oxaloacetic acid | This four-carbon compound combines with acetyl CoA in the Krebs cycle to produce citric acid. | 65 | |
| 5013804863 | citric acid | This 6 carbon compound is formed in the Krebs Cycle as an intermediate product in the metabolism of carbohydrates. | 66 | |
| 5013804864 | glucose | This sugar is manufactured during photosynthesis and is the main source of energy for plants and animals. It is metabolized during cellular respiration. | 67 | |
| 5013804865 | pyruvic acid | This three-carbon compound is produced during glycolysis and is needed for both the aerobic and anaerobic pathways of cellular respiration that follow glycolysis. | 68 | |
| 5013804866 | carbon dioxide | This gas is a reactant of photosynthesis and a waste product of cellular respiration. | 69 | |
| 5013804867 | mitochondrion | This organelle in eukaryotic cells serves as the site of cellular respiration. | 70 | |
| 5013804868 | matrix | In a mitochondrion, this is the surface area of the organelle that is exposed to fluids where cellular respiration takes place. | 71 | |
| 5013804869 | crista | An infolding of the inner membrane of a mitochondrion that houses electron transport chains and molecules of the enzyme catalyzing the synthesis of ATP. | 72 | |
| 5013804870 | FAD | This is a compound that acts as a hydrogen acceptor in dehydrogenation reactions. | 73 | |
| 5013804871 | flavin adenine dinucleotide | What does FAD stand for? | 74 | |
| 5013804872 | FADH2 | This is produced in the Krebs cycle and is a reduced form of FAD, it is an electron carrier capable of creating 2 ATP from releasing its electrons to the electron transport chain. | 75 | |
| 5013804873 | flavin adenine dinucleotude reduced | What does FADH2 stand for? | 76 | |
| 5013804874 | AMP | This is a molecule that can be converted into ATP through the addition of two phosphate; what ATP becomes when it loses two phosphate. | 77 | |
| 5013804875 | adenosine monophosphate | What does AMP stand for? | 78 | |
| 5013804876 | ADP | This is the molecule that ATP becomes when it gives up one of its three phosphate groups. | 79 | |
| 5013804877 | adenosine diphosphate | What does ADP stand for? | 80 | |
| 5013804878 | respirometer | This is a machine that can be used to calculate the respiration rate of a reaction. | 81 | |
| 5013804879 | substrate-level | cyclic electron pathway; glycolisis; occurs in cytosol. High energy substrate transfers a phosphate group to ADP, forming ATP | 82 | |
| 5013804880 | phosphofructokinase | The enzyme that catalyzes the phosphorylation of fructose-6-phosphate to form fructose-1-6-bisphosphate in the third step of glycolysis. This is the main regulatory step of glycolysis. PFK is feedback-inhibited by ATP. | 83 |
