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| 5239137757 | anabolic pathway | A series of chemical reactions that builds a complex molecule. | 0 | |
| 5239137758 | catabolic | A series of chemical reactions that breaks down a complex molecule. | 1 | |
| 5239137773 | ATP | An adenine-containing nucleoside triphosphate that releases free energy when its phosphate bonds are hydrolyzed. The energy is used to drive endergonic reactions in cells. | 2 | |
| 5239137774 | adenosine triphosphate | What does ATP stand for? | 3 | |
| 5239137775 | phosphorylated | Referring to a molecule that is covalently bonded to a phosphate group. | 4 | |
| 5239137776 | enzyme | A macromolecule serving as a catlyst, a chemical agent that changes the rate of a reaction without being consumed by the reaction. | 5 | |
| 5239137777 | catalyst | A chemical agent that increases the rate of a reaction without being consumed by the reaction. | 6 | |
| 5239137778 | activation energy | The amount of energy that reactants must absorb before a chemical reaction will start. | 7 | |
| 5239137779 | substrate | The reactant on which an enzyme works. | 8 | |
| 5239137780 | enzyme-substrate complex | A temporary complex formed when an enzyme binds to its substrate molecule. | 9 | |
| 5239137783 | coenzyme | An organic molecule serving as a cofactor. Most vitamins are these kinds of molecules. | 10 | |
| 5239137786 | allosteric regulation | The binding of a regulatory molecule to a protein at one site that affects the function of the protein at a different site. | 11 | |
| 5239137789 | fermentation | A catabolic process that makes a limited amount of ATP from glucose without an electron transport chain and that produces a characteristic end product, such as ethyl alcohol or lactic acid. | 12 | |
| 5239137790 | aerobic respiration | A catabolic pathway that consumes oxygen and organic molecules, producing ATP. This is the most efficient catabolic pathway and is carried out in most eukaryotic cells and many prokaryotic organisms. | 13 | |
| 5239137791 | cellular respiration | The catabolic pathways of aerobic and anaerobic respiration, which break down organic molecules for the production of ATP. | 14 | |
| 5239137792 | redox reactions | A chemical reaction involving the complete or partial transfer of one or more electrons from one reactant to another; short for oxidation-reduction reaction. | 15 | |
| 5239137793 | oxidation | The loss of electrons from a substance involved in a redox reaction. | 16 | |
| 5239137794 | reduction | The addition of electrons to a substance involved in a redox reaction. | 17 | |
| 5239137795 | reducing agent | A electron donor in a redox reaction. | 18 | |
| 5239137796 | oxidizing agent | The electron acceptor in a redox reaction. | 19 | |
| 5239137797 | electron transport chain | A sequence of electron carrier molecules (membrane proteins) that shuttle electrons during the redox reactions that release energy used to make ATP. | 20 | |
| 5239137798 | NAD+ | Nictinamide adenine dinucleotide, a coenzyme that can accept an electron and act as an electron carrier in the electron transport chain. | 21 | |
| 5239137799 | NADP+ | Nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate, an electron acceptor that temporarily stores energized electrons produced during the light reactions. | 22 | |
| 5239137800 | nictinamide adenine dinucleotide | What does NAD stand for? | 23 | |
| 5239137801 | nictinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate | What does NADP stand for? | 24 | |
| 5239137802 | glycolysis | The splitting of glucose into pyruvate. This occurs in almost all living cells, serving as the starting point for fermentation or cellular respiration. | 25 | |
| 5239137803 | citric acid cycle | A chemical cycle involving eight steps that completes the metabolic breakdown of glucose molecules begun in glycolysis by oxidizing pyruvate to carbon dioxide. it occurs within hte mitochondrion in eukaryotic cells and in the cytosol of prokaryotes. This is the second major stage in cellular respiration. | 26 | |
| 5239137804 | oxidative phosphorylation | The production of ATP using energy derived from the redox reactions of an electron transport chain. The third major stage of cellular respiration. | 27 | |
| 5239137805 | substrate-level phosphorylation | The formation of ATP by an enzyme directly transferring a phosphate group to ADP from an intermediate substrate in catabolism. | 28 | |
| 5239137806 | acetyl CoA | The entry compound for the citric acid cycle in cellular respiration, formed from a fragment of pyruvate attached to a coenzyme. | 29 | |
| 5239137808 | ATP synthase | A complex of several membrane proteins that provide a port through which proteins diffuse. This complex functions in chemiosmosis with adjacent electron transport chains, using the energy of a hydrogen ion (proton) concentration gradient to make ATP. They are found in the inner mitochondrial membrane of eukaryotic cells and in the plasma membrane of prokaryotes. | 30 | |
| 5239137809 | chemiosmosis | An energy-coupling mechanism that uses energy stored in the form of a hydrogen ion gradient across a membrane to drive cellular work, such as the synthesis of ATP. Most ATP synthesis in cells occurs by chemiosmosis. | 31 | |
| 5239137810 | proton-motive force | The potential energy stored in the form of an electrochemical gradient, generated byt he pumping of hydrogen ions across a biological membrane during chemiosmosis. | 32 | |
| 5239137811 | alcohol fermentation | Glycolysis followed by the conversion of pyruvate to carbon dioxide and ethyl alcohol. | 33 | |
| 5239137812 | lactic acid fermentation | Glycolysis followed by the conversion of pyruvate to lactate, with no release of carbon dioxide. | 34 | |
| 5239137816 | beta oxidation | A metabolic sequence that breaks fatty acids down to two-carbon fragments that enter the citric acid cycle as acetyl CoA. | 35 | |
| 5239137817 | anaerobic respiration | The use of inorganic molecules other than oxygen to accept electrons at the "downhill" end of electron transport chains. | 36 | |
| 5239137818 | ethanol | C2H5OH, or alcohol which is made in prokaryotic cells during glycolysis to recycle NADH. | 37 | |
| 5239137819 | lactic acid | This is produced in muscle cells from the reduction of pyruvate (under anaerobic conditions) to regenerate NAD+ so that glycolysis can continue. | 38 | |
| 5239137820 | oxaloacetic acid | This four-carbon compound combines with acetyl CoA in the Krebs cycle to produce citric acid. | 39 | |
| 5239137821 | citric acid | This 6 carbon compound is formed in the Krebs Cycle as an intermediate product in the metabolism of carbohydrates. | 40 | |
| 5239137822 | glucose | This sugar is manufactured during photosynthesis and is the main source of energy for plants and animals. It is metabolized during cellular respiration. | 41 | |
| 5239137823 | pyruvic acid | This three-carbon compound is produced during glycolysis and is needed for both the aerobic and anaerobic pathways of cellular respiration that follow glycolysis. | 42 | |
| 5239137824 | carbon dioxide | This gas is a reactant of photosynthesis and a waste product of cellular respiration. | 43 | |
| 5239137825 | mitochondrion | This organelle in eukaryotic cells serves as the site of cellular respiration. | 44 | |
| 5239137826 | matrix | In a mitochondrion, this is the surface area of the organelle that is exposed to fluids where cellular respiration takes place. | 45 | |
| 5239137827 | crista | An infolding of the inner membrane of a mitochondrion that houses electron transport chains and molecules of the enzyme catalyzing the synthesis of ATP. | 46 | |
| 5239137828 | FAD | This is a compound that acts as a hydrogen acceptor in dehydrogenation reactions. | 47 | |
| 5239137829 | flavin adenine dinucleotide | What does FAD stand for? | 48 | |
| 5239137830 | FADH2 | This is produced in the Krebs cycle and is a reduced form of FAD, it is an electron carrier capable of creating 2 ATP from releasing its electrons to the electron transport chain. | 49 | |
| 5239137831 | flavin adenine dinucleotude reduced | What does FADH2 stand for? | 50 | |
| 5239137832 | AMP | This is a molecule that can be converted into ATP through the addition of two phosphate; what ATP becomes when it loses two phosphate. | 51 | |
| 5239137833 | adenosine monophosphate | What does AMP stand for? | 52 | |
| 5239137834 | ADP | This is the molecule that ATP becomes when it gives up one of its three phosphate groups. | 53 | |
| 5239137835 | adenosine diphosphate | What does ADP stand for? | 54 | |
| 5239137837 | substrate-level | cyclic electron pathway; glycolisis; occurs in cytosol. High energy substrate transfers a phosphate group to ADP, forming ATP | 55 | |
| 5239137838 | phosphofructokinase | The enzyme that catalyzes the phosphorylation of fructose-6-phosphate to form fructose-1-6-bisphosphate in the third step of glycolysis. This is the main regulatory step of glycolysis. PFK is feedback-inhibited by ATP. | 56 |
