AP Biology by Campbell Reece, 7th Edition
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| 450180719 | Genome | The entire "library" of genetic instructions an organism inherits. Located in chromosomes | |
| 450180720 | Systems Biology | to model the dynamic behavior of whole biological systems. High-throughput tech analyzes biological materials quickly and gives large volumes of data. Bioinformatics extracts the useful biological info. | |
| 450180721 | Negative vs. Positive Feedback | Negative-accumulation of end product slows the process Positive-end product speeds product | |
| 450180722 | Natural Selection | -individual variation -overproduction and competition -unequal reproductive success -evolutionary adaption | |
| 450180723 | Element vs. Compound | Element-can't be broken down Compound-consists of at least 2 different elements in a fixed ratio Trace Element-small quantities required | |
| 450180724 | CHONPS | Carbon* Hydrogen* Oxygen* Nitrogen* Phosphorus Sulfur *4 most important | |
| 450180725 | Atomic Structure | Nucleus-protons and neutrons tightly packed Electron(s)-circle the nucleus | |
| 450180726 | Dalton | aka amu-atomic mass unit Neutrons and protons have masses approx. 1 dalton | |
| 450180727 | Atomic Number | # of protons In a neutral atom without electrical charge, # of protons=# of electrons | |
| 450180728 | Atomic Mass Number | # of protons + # of neutrons | |
| 450180729 | Isotopes | All atoms of an element have the same # of protons, but some have more neurons than others and have a greater mass. Radioactive isotopes' nucleus decays spontaneously and gives off particles and energy. Then it turns into a different element. | |
| 450180730 | Electron Shells | average distances of an electron energy level from nucleus. 1st shell(near nucleus) has least energy. Farther from nucleus have more potential, and more energy. Can't stay in-between fixed states of potential energy. | |
| 450180731 | Valence | Most potential energy, where interactions take place. Valence electron- outer electron Valence shell- outermost shell -atom's bonding capacity | |
| 450180732 | Electronegativity | Attraction of a certain type of atom for electrons of a covalent bond. The more electronegativity, the more the atom pulls shared electrons toward itself. | |
| 450180733 | Polar vs. Nonpolar Covalent | Covalent bond-sharing of a pair of valence electrons by 2 atoms Nonpolar-electrons shared equally, balanced and complete(H2, CH4) Polar-electrons not shared equally(H2O) | |
| 450180734 | Ions | Charged atom/molecule Cation-positive ion Anion-Negative ion aka electrically charged molecules | |
| 450180735 | Ionic Bond and Compound | Attraction between cations and anions. So unequal in attraction for valence electrons, the more electronegative atom takes an electron away from the other. Forms an ionic compound, salt. | |
| 450180736 | Hydrogen Bond | Hydrogen atom covalently bonds to another electronegative atom. Weak bond | |
| 450180737 | van der Waals Interactions | occurs when atoms and molecules are very close together. Individually weak, cumulative force when together. Ex: lizard climbing wall | |
| 450180738 | Polar molecule | opposite ends of the molecule have opposite charges(H2O) | |
| 450180739 | Cohesion | -attraction between 2 like things -hydrogen bonds hold water together | |
| 450180740 | Adhesion | -attraction between 2 different substances -clinging of 1 substance to another | |
| 450180741 | Surface Tension | -how hard it is to break or stretch the surface -water's high cohesion(HB)=high surface tension(sticks together) | |
| 450180742 | Specific Heat | amount of heat to absorb/lose for 1g to change temperature by 1°C Water= 1cal/1g/1°C Large bodies of H2O holds large amounts of heat without changing much in temperature | |
| 450180743 | Heat of Vaporization | amount of heat a liquid must absorb for 1g to evaporate. Water has high SH because it must break HB's first. Evaporation cooling-sweat on skin evaporates, taking heat with it to cool you down | |
| 450180744 | Solution | Solution-mixture of at least 2 substances -solvent: dissolving agent -solute: substance being dissolved -aqueous solution-water is solvent Water is the universal solvent. | |
| 450180745 | Hydrophilic vs. Hydrophobic | Hydrophilic-affinity for water, polar Hydrophobic-repels water, nonpolar | |
| 450180746 | Molecular Mass | Sum of masses of all the atoms in a molecule Ex: Sucrose- C12H22O11 Carbon-12, Hydrogen=1, Oxygen=16 144+22+176=342 | |
| 450180747 | Molarity | # of moles/solute/liter of solution 6.02x10^23 daltons/1g Ex: 1L of 1mol of sucrose dissolved in water. Measure 342g of sucrose, add water until dissolved and volume=1L | |
| 450180748 | pH | Acid- more H+ concentration Base-less H+ concentation pH= -log[H+]; -log 10^7=-(-7)=pH 7 | |
| 450180749 | Buffers | Balance and maintain pH of human blood at 7.4 increase in pH H2CO3 ================= HCO3- + H+ H+donor decrease in pH H+acceptor H ion (acid) (base) | |
| 450180750 | acid precipitation | Rain, snow, or fog that is more acidic than pH 5.6. | |
| 450180751 | Organic Chemistry | study of carbon compounds | |
| 450180752 | Hydrocarbons | Organic molecules consisting of only carbon and hydrogen (major compounds of petroleum) | |
| 450180753 | Isomers | compounds with same # of atoms of same element but different structures and properties Structural-different covalent partners Geometric-different arrangement about double bond Enantiomer-mirror images | |
| 450180754 | Functional Groups | -components of organic molecules that are most commonly involved in chemical reactions -attachments that replace H bonded to the C skeleton of hydrocarbon | |
| 450180755 | Hydroxyl Group | -OH or HO- -H bonded to O, bonded to C skeleton of organic molecule -alcohol -polar from electronegative O -attracts H2O to help dissolve organic molecules | |
| 450180756 | Carbonyl Group | CO -C double bonded to O -Ketones: within C skeleton -Aldehydes: at end of C skeleton -ketone and aldehyde may be structure isomers | |
| 451577081 | Carboxyl Group | -COOH -O double bonded to C thats bonded to hydroxyl group -carboxylic/organic acids -acidic properties because it's a source of H+ -very polar CB between O and H that H+ usually dissociate reversibly -ionic form(carboxylate) in cells | |
| 451577082 | Amino Group | -NH^2 -N bonded to 2H and C skeleton -Amines -base; can pick up P+ from surrounding solution -ionized(1+charge) under cellular conditions | |
| 451577083 | Sulfhydryl Group | -SH or HS- -sulfur bonded to H -thiols -2 SH groups can interact to help stabilize protein structure | |
| 451577084 | Phosphate Group | -OPO'3^2- or -phosphorus bonded to 4O(1 bonded to C skeleton, 2O-) -phosphate group is ionized form of phosphoric acid group(-OPO3H2) -organic phosphates -makes its molecule anion -can transfer energy between organic molecules | |
| 451577085 | Monomer | -repeating units - building blocks | |
| 451577086 | Polymer | -long molecules -made of monomers covalently bonded | |
| 451577087 | Dehydration Reaction | aka condensation reaction -monomerse covalently bonded by loss of H2O molecule | |
| 451577088 | Hydrolysis | breaks bonds between monomers by adding H2O molecule | |
| 451592268 | Carbohydrates | -sugar -made of monosaccharides -carbonyl and hydroxyl group -aldose(outside), ketose(inside) -disaccharides-2monosaccharides CB by glycosidic linkage -polysaccharides -storage: starch4plants, glycogen4animals -structure: cellulose4plants, chitin4bugs | |
| 451592269 | Glycosidic Linkage | carbohydrates-dissacharides -CB between 2 monosaccharides by dehydration reaction | |
| 451592270 | Lipids | -mostly hydrophobic -hydrocarbons, few O -fat:glycerol(alcohol with 3C) and fatty acid saturated and unsat. Tricylglycerol-3fatty acids join glycerol by ester linkage -phospholipid:hydrophilic head, hydrophobic tail cell membranes -steroids: 4-fused membranes on C skeleton (ex. cholesterol) | |
| 451592271 | Ester Linkage | 3 fatty acids foin to glycerol -bond between hydroxyl and carboxyl group | |
| 451592272 | Saturated vs. Unsaturated | Saturated -unhealthy(butter) -solid at room temperature -straight, no double bond so there's more room for H Unsaturated -healthy(olive oil) -liquid at room temp -bent, double bonds so less room for H | |
| 451604415 | Proteins | -made of polypeptides-polymers of amino acids(monomers) -Primary: sequence of amino acids -Secondary: local folding, weak HBs a helix-coiled b pleated sheet-zigzag -Tertiary: whole molecule folding, hydrophobic IE -Quaternary: >1 PP bonded, can function now | |
| 451604416 | Peptide Bond | -CB 2amino acids together by dehydration reaction to make polypeptide -amino end bonds with carboxyl end -only goes in 1 direction -amino end=N-terminus -carboxyl end=C-terminus | |
| 451613861 | Enzymes | -enzymatic proteins regulate metabolism by acting as catalysts -catalysts: chem agents speed up chem reactions in cell w/o being consumed in process | |
| 451613862 | Denaturation | -pH, salt con, temp, is altered -protein unravels and loses its native conformation, bio inactive -shape and structure is altered | |
| 451613863 | Chaperonins | proteins assist proper folding of other proteins -keep new polypeptide secluded, away from bad -doesn't specify correct final structure | |
| 451613864 | Nucleic Acid | -stores and transfers info -DNA: inherited genetic info directions for DNA replication and RNA synthesis double helix, antiparallel(opposite 5'->3') -RNA: controls protein synthesis -nucleotide-monomer nitrogenus base, pentose(5C sugar), phosphate group -Polynucleotide-polymer pyrimidine: 6 ring C and N; C, T, U purine: 6-5 ring; A, G |
