Evolution; Quiz and Test 11/30-12/1
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| 259813424 | Evolution | A change in population over time | |
| 259813425 | Creation | Intelligent Design; Spontaneous generation; Earth is 6,000-10,000 years old | |
| 259813426 | Aristotle | Creationist | |
| 259813427 | Scala Naturae | Book by Aristotle "Scale of Nature" | |
| 259813428 | Carolus Linnaeus | Father of Taxonomy (similar organisms grouped together) | |
| 259813429 | James Hutlon | Father of Geology; geologist; Gradualism (slowly changing over time) | |
| 259813430 | Charles Lyell | Geologist; had a similar view to Gradualism | |
| 259813431 | Georges Cuvier | Paleontologist-Studied fossils in sedimentary rock and strata; Law of Superposition; Catastrophism | |
| 259813432 | Law of Superposition | (Cuvier) The lower we are in the strata, the older we are. | |
| 259813433 | Geological Time Scale | History of life on Earth | |
| 259813434 | Catastrophism | (Cuvier) Massive catastrophes (Noah's Flood, asteroids, Ice Age, etc.) | |
| 259813435 | Thomas Malthus | Population studies (Mr. and Mrs. Frog=1,000 kids) MOST INFLUENCE ON DARWIN | |
| 259813436 | Jean Baptiste Lamarck | Early evolutionist; the inheritance of acquired characteristics | |
| 259813437 | Charles Darwin | Explained how evolution worked (Actually, he didn't; he just proposed the idea, but whatever); Natural Selection; Galapagos Islands/H.M.S. Beagle; Finches; "On the Origin of Species" book. | |
| 259813438 | Example of Natural Selection | Red fox-Arctic fox (Environmental change led to adaptation) | |
| 259813439 | Mnemonic Device | On (Overpopulation/Malthus) Very (Variation/Mendel) Calm (Competition) Seas (Survival of the fittest) Run (Reproductive Isolation) Seals (Speciation may or may not occur) | |
| 259813440 | Reproductive Success | Fitness | |
| 259813441 | Father of Genetics | Mendel | |
| 259813442 | Punctuated Equilibrium | Evolution that is not gradual; the "evidence" for evolution; Fossil Record | |
| 259813443 | Eldridge and Gould | Proposed Punctuated Equilibrium | |
| 259813444 | Transitional Species | Linking organisms between species(RIDICULOUS. there is absolutely no evidence for them. Imagine a snake/bird. Haha makes me laugh.) | |
| 259813445 | Eusthenoptheron | Selicamp [fish>amphibians] | |
| 259813446 | Cynognathus | Reptiles>mammals (platypus) | |
| 259813447 | Archaeopteryx | Reptiles>birds | |
| 259813448 | Australopithecines | Mammals-humans | |
| 259813449 | Artificial Selection | Man does the selecting, not nature (dog breeds) | |
| 259813450 | Homologous Structure | Structures that are similar due to common ancestry (together) | |
| 259813451 | Analogous Structure | Structures that are similar due to convergent evolution (separate) | |
| 259813452 | Vestigial Structure | Useless remnants of our ancestors | |
| 259813453 | DNA Analysis | Gel Electrophoresis | |
| 259813454 | Measuring Evolution | Square root of Homozygous | |
| 259813455 | Gene Pool | All the genes and alleles in a population. (2 genes per person; animal) | |
| 259813456 | Allele frequency | The relative number of those alleles- 3% blue eyes, 7% green eyes, 90% brown eyes | |
| 259813457 | What are the allele frequencies of a pop. of 1000 black bears in which 9% are albino? (aa) | Square root of .09= .3 .3=30% a leftover-70% A | |
| 259813458 | How many albino genes are in the gene pool? | 600 a genes; 1400 A genes (2 genes per bear) | |
| 259813459 | What % of the pop. are homozygous black? (AA) | aa=.3x.3=.09=9% albino AA=.7x.7=.49=49% homozygous black | |
| 259813460 | What % carry albinism? (Aa) | .3x.7=21% Aa DOUBLE IT (2 genes per bear)=42% | |
| 259813461 | The Hardy-Weinburg Law | States that allele frequencies don't change, unless... | |
| 259813462 | Equilibrium | Not evolving | |
| 259813463 | Microevolution | Change in allele frequency (different dog breeds; all dogs, just different kinds) (Breaking the Law) | |
| 259813464 | Conditions Favoring H-W Equilibrium | Large pop- Massive Catastrophe (Noah's Flood, asteroids, Ice Age, etc.) Isolation (Immigrations) No mutations (Red-heads) Random mating No natural selection (adaptation) | |
| 259813465 | Common Causes of Microevolution | Genetic Drift; Gene Flow (How to Break the Law) | |
| 259813466 | Genetic Drift | Chance event on small population | |
| 259813467 | Bottleneck Effect | (Genetic Drift) [seals on one block of ice] [non polymorphic] | |
| 259813468 | Founder Effect | (Genetic Drift) [descendants of one group- microevolution-dogs] | |
| 259813469 | Gene Flow | Isolation; Assortive Mating | |
| 259813470 | Assortative Mating | (Gene Flow) mating with like people with like traits (tall man-tall woman) | |
| 259813471 | Variation | The "fuel" for evolution; important for adaptation | |
| 259813472 | Two Sources of Variation | Mutation and Sexual Recombination | |
| 259813473 | Mutation | Important for those asexual organisms | |
| 259813474 | Sexual Recombination | new combination of DNA from Mom and Dad | |
| 259813475 | Preserving "Bad" Variations | They can "hide" in carriers because we are diploid OR maybe there's a "heterozygote advantage" Sickle cell anemia is resistant to Malaria Bad genes- carriers; Nature doesn't select against | |
| 259813476 | Relative Fitness | A measure of fitness (scale) lethal before birth 0---------1 neutral, successful (Black peppered moths) | |
| 259813477 | Stabilizing Directional (Diversifying) | Not favoring extremes (bell curve) (equilibrium) (pushing against each other) | |
| 259813478 | Directional Change | Patchwork community; separates 2 populations; reproductive isolation; speciation? (Pushes one way, then falls off) | |
| 259813479 | Sickle Cell Anemia in Africa | Stabilized (They have malaria) (both are pushing against each other) | |
| 259813480 | Sickle Cell Anemia in America | Directional (no malaria here) | |
| 259813481 | Speciation | The evolution of a new species | |
| 259813482 | Phylogeny | the evolutionary history of a species Anagenesis- A---->B Cladogenesis A----<==*____>B B-branched evolution; divergence; subspecies | |
| 259813483 | Phylogy Tree | Fish Amphibians Reptiles Mammals (FARM) (Cladogram) | |
| 259813484 | Morphospecies Concept | if you look alike, you're the same species | |
| 259813485 | Biological species concept | if they can interbreed (Preferred) | |
| 259813486 | Reproductive Isolation | Geographic Barriers- mountains, gorges Prezygotic Barriers-Remove barriers, prevent mating, fertilization, no zygote forms | |
| 259813487 | Prezygotic Barriers | Habitat Isolation- live in different place Behavioral- different courtship Temporal- female's heat; seasonal issue (deer- heat in late fall) Mechanical- anatomical incapability (great dane and chihuahua) Gametic- lock and key recognition with sperm and egg (frog and fish eggs in a pond) | |
| 259813488 | Postzygotic Barriers | Zygote is produced (HYBRID), but... Hybrid Inviability- embryos die Sterility- live birth, sterile (mule) Breakdown- third generation dies! | |
| 259813489 | 15 astronauts colonize a planet. 3 are carriers of albinism. After 100s of years of random mating the pop. grows to 5000. How many are albinos? | 15 astronauts=30 genes 3 a= 10% .1x.1=.01 27 A = 90% 1% albino; .01x5000= 50 albinos. If not, then microevolution occured. | |
| 259813490 | Divergence | DNA differences accumulate- speciation | |
| 259813491 | Introgression | Exchange of DNA b/w 2 diff. species (mule-horse mate; donkey genes in horse pop.) | |
| 259813492 | Allopatric Speciation | Speciation due to Separation | |
| 259813493 | Sympatric Speciation | Speciation from "within"; doesn't occur in animal kingdom, but does in plants) (Hybrid vigor, stronger than parents, breed with brothers and sisters) | |
| 259813494 | Macroevolution | BIG changes such as massive catastrophies, mass extinctions(adaptive radiation), evolution of novelties(nature liked it), paedomorphosis | |
| 259813495 | Mass Extinctions | Macroevolution-adaptive radiation; rapid burst of evolution (asteroid) | |
| 259813496 | Evolution of Novelties | Nature liked it; shelled eggs, shells, feathers, legs. | |
| 259813497 | Paedomorphosis | the retention of juvenile characteristics | |
| 259813498 | Allometric Growth | Uneven growth rates as we mature (human infants to adults) | |
| 259813499 | 64% of a pop. of black bears have norm. fur color. | 1. % albino- 36 aa DUH. (64+36=100%) 2. Allele Frequencies- Square root of .36=.6=60% a; 40% A 60/40 3. % of homozygous dominant- .4 x .4=.16=16% AA 4. % carriers- 36% aa 16% AA; ALL THE REST-48% Aa |
