Campbell 7th ed
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| 694824788 | bacterial artificial chromosome (BAC) | An artificial version of a bacterial chromosome that can carry inserts of 100, 000 to 500, 000 base pairs. | |
| 694824789 | biotechnology | The manipulation of living organisms or their components to produce useful products | |
| 694824790 | cDNA library | A limited gene library using complementary DNA. The library includes only the genes that were transcribed in the cells examined | |
| 694824791 | clone | (1) A lineage of genetically identical individuals or cells. (2) In popular usage, a single individual organism that is genetically identical to another individual. (3) As a verb, to make one or more genetic replicas of an individual or cell. See also gene cloning. | |
| 694824792 | cloning vector | An agent used to transfer DNA in genetic engineering. A plasmid that moves recombinant DNA from a test tube back into a cell is an example of a cloning vector, as is a virus that transfers recombinant DNA by infection. | |
| 694824793 | complementary DNA (cDNA) | A DNA molecule made in vitro using mRNA as a template and the enzyme reverse transcriptase. A cDNA molecule therefore corresponds to a gene, but lacks the introns present in the DNA of the genome. | |
| 694824794 | denaturation | In proteins, a process in which a protein unravels and loses its native conformation, thereby becoming biologically inactive. Occurs under extreme conditions of pH, salt concentration, and temperature | |
| 694824795 | DNA fingerprint | An individual's unique collection of DNA restriction fragments, detected by electrophoresis and nucleic acid probes. | |
| 694824796 | DNA ligase | A linking enzyme essential for DNA replication; catalyzes the covalent bonding of the 3' end of a new DNA fragment to the 5' end of a growing chain | |
| 694824797 | DNA microarray assay | A method to detect and measure the expression of thousands of genes at one time. Tiny amounts of a large number of single-stranded DNA fragments representing different genes are fixed to a glass slide. These fragments, ideally representing all the genes of an organism, are tested for hybridization with various samples of cDNA molecules. | |
| 694824798 | electroporation | A technique to introduce recombinant DNA into cells by applying a brief electrical pulse to a solution containing cells. The electricity creates temporary holes in the cells' plasma membranes, through which DNA can enter. | |
| 694824799 | expression vector | A cloning vector that contains the requisite prokaryotic promoter just upstream of a restriction site where a eukaryotic gene can be inserted | |
| 694824800 | gel electrophoresis | The separation of nucleic acids or proteins, on the basis of their size and electrical charge, by measuring their rate of movement through an electrical field in a gel | |
| 694824801 | gene cloning | The production of multiple copies of a gene | |
| 694824802 | gene therapy | The alteration of the genes of a person afflicted with a genetic disease | |
| 694824803 | genetic engineering | The direct manipulation of genes for practical purposes | |
| 694824804 | genetically modified (GM) organism | An organism that has acquired one or more genes by artificial means; also known as a transgenic organism | |
| 694824805 | genomic library | A set of thousands of DNA segments from a genome, each carried by a plasmid, phage, or other cloning vector. | |
| 694824806 | genomics | The study of whole sets of genes and their interactions | |
| 694824807 | Human Genome Project | An international collaborative effort to map and sequence the DNA of the entire human genome | |
| 694824808 | in vitro mutagenesis | A technique to discover the function of a gene by introducing specific changes into the sequence of a cloned gene, reinserting the mutated gene into a cell, and studying the phenotype of the mutant | |
| 694824809 | linkage map | A genetic map based on the frequencies of recombination between markers during crossing over of homologous chromosomes | |
| 694824810 | nucleic acid hybridization | Base pairing between a gene and a complementary sequence on another nucleic acid molecule | |
| 694824811 | nucleic acid probe | In DNA technology, a labeled single-stranded nucleic acid molecule used to tag a specific nucleotide sequence in a nucleic acid sample. Molecules of the probe hydrogen-bond to the complementary sequence wherever it occurs; radioactive or other labeling of the probe allows its location to be detected | |
| 694824812 | physical map | A genetic map in which the actual physical distances between genes or other genetic markers are expressed, usually as the number of base pairs along the DNA. | |
| 694824813 | polymerase chain reaction (PCR) | A technique for amplifying DNA in vitro by incubating with special primers, DNA polymerase molecules, and nucleotides | |
| 694824814 | proteomics | The systematic study of the full protein sets (proteomes) encoded by genomes | |
| 694824815 | recombinant DNA | A DNA molecule made in vitro with segments from different sources | |
| 694824816 | restriction enzyme | A degradative enzyme that recognizes and cuts up DNA (including that of certain phages) that is foreign to a bacterium. | |
| 694824817 | restriction fragment | DNA segment resulting from cutting of DNA by a restriction enzyme | |
| 694824818 | restriction fragment length polymorphisms (RFLPs) | Differences in DNA sequence on homologous chromosomes that can result in different patterns of restriction fragment lengths (DNA segments resulting from treatment with restriction enzymes); useful as genetic markers for making linkage maps | |
| 694824819 | restriction site | A specific sequence on a DNA strand that is recognized as a cut siteby a restriction enzyme | |
| 694824820 | RNA interference (RNAi) | A technique to silence the expression of selected genes in nonmammalian organisms. The method uses synthetic double-stranded RNA molecules matching the sequence of a particular gene to trigger the breakdown of the gene's messenger RNA. | |
| 694824821 | single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) | One base-pair variation in the genome sequence. | |
| 694824822 | Southern blotting | A hybridization technique that enables researchers to determine the presence of certain nucleotide sequences in a sample of DNA | |
| 694824823 | sticky end | A single-stranded end of a double-stranded DNA restriction fragment. | |
| 694824824 | Ti plasmid | A plasmid of a tumor-inducing bacterium that integrates a segment of its DNA into the host chromosome of a plant; frequently used as a carrier for genetic engineering in plants. | |
| 694824825 | yeast artificial chromosome (YAC) | A vector that combines the essentials of a eukaryotic chromosome--an origin for DNA replication, a centromere, and two telomeres--with foreign DNA. |
