AP Biology Chapter 10 Photosynthesis
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| 590740444 | photosynthesis | the process that converts solar energy into chemical energy | |
| 590740445 | autotrophs | sustain themselves without eating anything derived from other organisms | |
| 590740446 | autotrophs | they are the producers of the biosphere, producing organic molecules from CO2 and other inorganic molecules | |
| 590740447 | photoautotrophs | uses energy of sunlight to make organic molecules from H2O and CO2 | |
| 590740448 | heterotrophs | obtain their organic material from other organisms | |
| 590740449 | heterotrophs | the consumers of the biosphere; depends on photoautotrophs for food and O2 | |
| 590740450 | leaves | where are the major locations of photosynthesis? | |
| 590740451 | chlorophyll | the green pigment within chloroplasts | |
| 590740452 | stomata | microscopic pores in leaves | |
| 590740453 | mesophyll | the interior tissue of the leaf; where chloroplasts are found | |
| 590740454 | 30-40 | a typical mesophyll cell has _______ chloroplasts | |
| 590740455 | thylakoids | connected sacs in the chloroplast | |
| 590740456 | thylakoids | the chlorophyll is in the membrane of _______ | |
| 590740457 | grana (singular- granum) | stacks of thylakoids | |
| 590740458 | stroma | dense fluid in the chloroplast; involved in the synthesis of organic molecules from CO2 and H2O | |
| 590740459 | 6CO2 + 6H2O + light energy yields C6H12O6 + 6O2 | the formula for photosynthesis | |
| 590740460 | oxidized; reduced | photosynthesis is a redox process in which H2O is ______and CO2 is ________ | |
| 590740461 | hydrogen, oxygen, electrons | chloroplasts split H2O into ______, ______, and ______ | |
| 590740462 | light reactions, Calvin cycle | photosynthesis consists of the _____ _____ and ____ ____ | |
| 590740463 | H2O enters, light strikes PSII and splits H2O; release O2, H+, and electrons, electrons move across ETC (electron transport chain) to PSI, reduce NADP+ to NADPH, H+ goes to ATP synthase to generate ATP from ADP by photophosphorylation | the process of the light reaction (in the thylakoids) are... (6 steps) | |
| 590740464 | calvin cycle | forms sugar from CO2 using ATP and NADPH | |
| 590740465 | wavelength | the distance between crests of waves; determines the type of electromagnetic energy | |
| 590740466 | electromagnetic spectrum | the entire range of electromagnetic energy or radiation | |
| 590740467 | visible light | consists of wavelengths (inclduing those that drive photosynthesis) that produce colors we can see | |
| 590740468 | photons | a quantum, or discrete quantity, of light that behaves as if it were a particle | |
| 590740469 | shorter; longer | the _______ the wavelength the higher the energy; the ______ the wavelength the lower the energy | |
| 590740470 | pigments | substances that absorb visible light | |
| 590740471 | chlorophyll reflects green light | why do leaves appear green? (think spectrum) | |
| 590740472 | spectrophotometer | measures a pigment's ability to absorb various wavelengths; measures the fraction of light transmitted at each wavelength | |
| 590740473 | absorption spectrum | a graph plotting a pigment's light absorption versus wavelength | |
| 590740474 | violet-blue, red | the absorption spectrum of chlorophyll a suggests that ______ and____ light work best for photosynthesis | |
| 590740475 | action spectrum | profiles the relative effectiveness of different wavelengths of radiation in driving a process | |
| 590740476 | (Theodor W.) Engelmann | the action spectrum of photosynthesis was first demonstrated in 1883 by who? | |
| 590740477 | chlorophyll a | the main photosynthetic pigment | |
| 590740478 | chlorophyll b | accessory pigment; broadens the spectrum used for photosynthesis | |
| 590740479 | carotenoids | accessory pigments; absorb excessive light that would damage chlorophyll | |
| 590740480 | fluorescence | when excited electrons fall back to the ground state, photons are given off, an afterglow called ______ | |
| 590740481 | fluoresce, light, heat | if illuminated, an isolated solution of chlorophyll will _______, giving of ____ and _____ | |
| 590740482 | photosystem | consists of a reaction-center complex surrounded by light-harvesting complexes | |
| 590740483 | light-harvesting complex | pigment molecules bound to proteins; funnels the energy of photons to the reaction center | |
| 590740484 | primary electron acceptor (plastoquinone) | accepts an excited electron from chlorophyll a | |
| 590740485 | first | solar-powered transfer of an electron from a chlorophyll a molecule to the primary electron acceptor is the ____ step of the light reactions | |
| 590740488 | PS II, PS I | what are the two types of photosystems? (initials) | |
| 590740490 | PS II | functions first (the numbers reflect order of discovery) and is best at absorbing a wavelength of 680nm | |
| 590740491 | P680 | the reaction-center chlorophyll a of PS II is _____ | |
| 590740493 | PS I | best at absorbing a wavelength of 700nm | |
| 590740495 | P700 | the reaction-center chlorophyll a of PS I is called ______ | |
| 590740497 | linear, cyclic | what are the two possible routes for electron flow? | |
| 590740499 | linear electron flow | the primary pathway, involves both photosystems and produces ATP, NADPH, and O2 using light energy | |
| 590740500 | ferredoxin (Fd) | what protein transfers electrons to reduce NADP+ to NADPH? | |
| 590740503 | cyclic electron flow | uses only photosystem I and produces ATP, but NOT NADPH and O2; generates surplus ATP, satisfying the higher demand in the Calvin cycle | |
| 590740505 | chemiosmosis | chloroplasts and mitochondria generate ATP by _____, but use different sources of energy | |
| 590740507 | mitochondria | transfer chemical energy from food to ATP | |
| 590740508 | chloroplast | transforms light energy into the chemical energy of ATP | |
| 590740510 | ATP; NADPH | the Calvin cycle builds sugar from smaller molecules by using ______ and the reducing power of electrons carried by _______ | |
| 590740512 | glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate (G3P or PGAL) | in the Calvin cycle, carbon enters the cycle as CO2 and leaves as a sugar named __________ | |
| 590740515 | 3, 3 | for a net synthesis of 1 G3P, the cycle must take place _____ times, fixing ___ molecules of CO2 | |
| 590740517 | carbon fixation (catalyzed by rubisco); reduction, regeneration (of the CO2 acceptor RuBP) | name the three stages of the Calvin cycle | |
| 591619670 | carbon fixation | the initial incorporation of carbon from CO2 into an organic compound by an autotrophic organism (a plant, photosynthetic organism, etc) | |
| 591135861 | C3 plants | in most plants, initial fixation of CO2 via rubisco forms a three-carbon compound | |
| 591135862 | photorespiration | rubisco adds O2 instead of CO2 in the Calvin cycle; consumes O2 and organic fuel and releases CO2 without producing ATP or sugar; consumes O2 and ATP, releases CO2, and decreases photosynthetic output | |
| 591135863 | C4 plants | minimize the cost of photorespiration by incorporating CO2 into four-carbon compounds in mesophyll cells | |
| 591471263 | C4 plants | transfer fixed carbon dioxide to cells in which the Calvin cycle occurs | |
| 591135864 | PEP carboxylase | what enzyme is in C4 plants? | |
| 591135865 | PEP carboxylase | has a high affinity for CO2 than rubisco; it can fix CO2 even when CO2 concentrations are low | |
| 591135866 | bundle-sheath cell | the four-carbon compounds are exported from the mesophyll cell to the _______, where they release CO2 that is then used in the Calving cycle | |
| 591135867 | CAM plants | open their stomata at night, incorporating CO2 into organic acids; stomata close during the day, and CO2 is released from organic acids and used in the Calvin cycle | |
| 591471264 | cytoplasm | in C4 and CAM plants, carbon dioxide is fixed in the ______ of mesophyll cells | |
| 591619671 | photophosphorylation | the process of generating ATP from ADP and phosphate by means of a proton-motive force generated across the thylakoid membrane of the chloroplast or the membrane of certain prokaryotes during the light reactions of photosynthesis | |
| 591827105 | in sugar molecules and water | in photosynthesis, what is the fate of the oxygen atoms present in CO2? they end up ______ |
