AP Bio Photosynthesis
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| 5659057957 | photosynthesis (definition) | process of harnessing light energy to build carbohydrates in autotrophs (ex. plants, cyanobacteria) |  | 0 |
| 5659057958 | photosynthesis (equation) | 6 CO2 + 6 H2O + light energy --> C6H12O6 + 6 O2 | 1 | |
| 5659057959 | autotroph | organism that CAN capture energy from sunlight or chemicals and use it to produce its own food (producer) |  | 2 |
| 5659057960 | heterotroph | organism that CANNOT produce its own food and therefore obtains it by consuming other living things (consumer) |  | 3 |
| 5659057961 | light-dependent reactions | 1st step of photosynthesis during which light energy is captured and used to synthesize ATP and NADPH |  | 4 |
| 5659057962 | light-independent reactions (aka Calvin cycle) | 2nd step of photosynthesis during which CO2 is incorporated into a sugar molecule using ATP and NADPH produced during the light dep. rx. |  | 5 |
| 5659057963 | thylakoid membranes of chloroplasts | location of light-dependent reactions | 6 | |
| 5659057964 | stroma of chloroplasts | location of light-independent reactions | 7 | |
| 5659057967 | inverse | What is the relationship between wavelength and energy? | 8 | |
| 5659057969 | pigments | substances that can absorb particular wavelengths of light energy | 9 | |
| 5659057970 | absorption spectrum | graph of a pigment's ability to absorb various wavelengths of light |  | 10 |
| 5659057971 | action spectrum | graph of a plant's photosynthesis rate at different wavelengths of light |  | 11 |
| 5659057972 | violet, blue and red | Which wavelengths of the visible light spectrum do chlorophylls ABSORB? | 12 | |
| 5659057973 | green and yellow | Which wavelengths of the visible light spectrum do chlorophylls REFLECT? | 13 | |
| 5659057974 | carotenoids | accessory pigments in chloroplasts that broaden the spectrum of colors used in photosynthesis (absorb green/blue but reflect red/yellow/orange) |  | 14 |
| 5659057975 | mesophyll | (C) ground tissue of a leaf, sandwiched between upper and lower epidermis that specializes in photosynthesis |  | 15 |
| 5659057976 | chlorophyll b | pigment, green/olive, in chloroplast |  | 16 |
| 5659057977 | chlorophyll a | pigment, blue/green, in chloroplast |  | 17 |
| 5659057978 | excited state | when absorbed photon energy causes electron to move away from nucleus |  | 18 |
| 5659057979 | photosystems | located in the thylakoid membrane and trap light energy and use it to excite electrons | | 19 |
| 5659057980 | parts of photosystems | accessory (aka antenna) pigments, reaction center chlorophyll a, primary electron acceptor | | 20 |
| 5659057981 | reaction-center complex | (4) centrally located proteins associated with a special pair of chlorophyll a molecules and a primary electron acceptor | | 21 |
| 5659057982 | light harvesting complex | (3) proteins associated with pigment molecules that capture light energy and transfers it to center of a photosystem |  | 22 |
| 5659057983 | photosystem II (PS II) | 1st of two light harvesting units in thylakoid membrane that passes excited electrons to reaction-center chlorophyll |  | 23 |
| 5659057984 | primary electron acceptor | (2) electrons from the reaction-center in thylakoid membranes are transferred to this molecule | | 24 |
| 5659057985 | water | splitting this molecule replaces electrons which are excited and passed to primary electron acceptor in PSII | 25 | |
| 5659057986 | O2 | released as a byproduct of splitting water | 26 | |
| 5659057987 | photosystem I (PS I) | 2nd of two light-capturing units in thylakoid membranes that replaces its electrons by those from the 1st complex and results in production of NADPH |  | 27 |
| 5659057988 | proton-motive force | created by pumping hydrogen ions from stroma to thylakoid space during electron transport chain between PS II and PS I |  | 28 |
| 5659057989 | ATP synthase | enzyme that synthesies ATP by utilizing a proton-motive force |  | 29 |
| 5659057990 | Calvin cycle, dark reactions, and carbon fixation | other names for light independent reactions |  | 30 |
| 5659057991 | 3 steps of light independent reaction | 1. carbon fixation 2. reduction 3. regeneration of RuBP |  | 31 |
| 5659057992 | reduction | step in Calvin cycle that produces sugar G3P | 32 | |
| 5659057993 | carbon dioxide | molecule reduced in Calvin cycle to produce sugar | 33 | |
| 5659057994 | thylakoids | (C) flattened membranous sacs inside chloroplasts that contain systems which convert light energy to chemical energy |  | 34 |
| 5659057995 | absorbed | energy is ____________ in photosynthesis | 35 | |
| 5659057996 | released | energy is _____________ in cellular respiration | 36 | |
| 5659057997 | glucose and oxygen | reactants of cellular respiration | 37 | |
| 5659057998 | carbon dioxide and water | reactants of photosynthesis | 38 | |
| 5659057999 | glucose | source of electrons used in ETC of cellular respiration | 39 | |
| 5659058000 | intermembrane space | site of proton gradient built up in cellular respiration | 40 | |
| 5659058001 | thylakoid space | site of proton gradient built up in photosynthesis | 41 | |
| 5659058002 | NAD+ and FAD | high energy electron carrier(s) before reduction in cellular respiration (after they drop off electrons at ETC) | 42 | |
| 5659058003 | NADH and FADH2 | high energy electron carrier(s) after reduction in cellular respiration (after they pick up electrons from Kreb's cycle) | 43 | |
| 5659058004 | NADP+ | high energy electron carrier(s ) before reduction in photosynthesis (after they drop off electrons for Calvin cycle) |  | 44 |
| 5659058005 | NADPH | high energy electron carrier(s ) after reduction in photosynthesis (after they pick up electrons from ETC) |  | 45 |
| 5659058006 | ATP | energy product(s) from ETC in cellular respiration |  | 46 |
| 5659058007 | ATP and NADPH | energy product(s) from ETC in photosynthesis |  | 47 |
| 5659058009 | H2O | reactant(s) oxidized in photosynthesis (source of electrons) | 48 | |
| 5659058010 | cyclic electron flow | light dependent reactions using only photosystem I to pump protons and generate excess ATP (not NADPH) |  | 49 |
| 5659058011 | linear electron flow | light dependent reactions involving both photosystems; electrons from H2O are used to reduce NADP to NADPH |  | 50 |
| 5659058012 | rubisco | enzyme with affinity for both CO2 and O2 that catalyzes first step of Calvin cycle by adding CO2 to ribulose bisphosphate (RuBP) | 51 | |
| 5659058013 | PEP carboxylase | enzyme with great affinity for CO2 (gas) adds it to phosphoenolpyruvate (PEP) to form oxaloacetate (4-carbon solid) prior to photosynthesis | 52 | |
| 5659058014 | stomata | pore-like openings on underside of leaves that allow gases (CO2 and O2) and water to diffuse in and out |  | 53 |
| 5659058015 | bundle-sheath cells | tightly packed around the veins of a leaf (site of Calvin cycle in C4 plants) |  | 54 |
| 5659058016 | photorespiration | occurs on hot, dry days when stomata close, O2 accumulates and Rubisco fixes O2 rather than CO2, using up ATP, O2 and sugars |  | 55 |
| 5659058017 | C3 plants | do not separately fix CO2 and use Rubisco in Calvin Cycle |  | 56 |
| 5659058018 | C4 plants | spatially separate carbon fixation (mesophyll cells) from Calvin Cycle (bundle-sheath cells); use PEP carboxylase instead of Rubisco to fix CO2 |  | 57 |
| 5659058019 | CAM plants | temporally separate carbon fixation (day) and Calvin Cycle (night); use PEP carboxylase instead of Rubisco to fix CO2 |  | 58 |
| 5659058020 | autotroph | organism capable of synthesizing its own food from CO₂ and other inorganic raw materials. The producers. | 59 | |
| 5659058021 | heterotroph | an organism that depends on other's complex organic substances for nutrition. | 60 | |
| 5659058022 | photoautotroph | plants that use energy from sunlight to convert carbon dioxide and water to carbon compounds. | 61 | |
| 5659058023 | chlorophyll | the green pigment located within chloroplasts. It absorbs light energy to drive the synthesis of food molecules in the chloroplast. |  | 62 |
| 5659058024 | mesophyll | the tissue in the interior of the leaf, contains 30-40 chloroplasts | | 63 |
| 5659058026 | stroma | thick fluid contained in the inner membrane of a chloroplast, surrounding thylakoids membranes. | 64 | |
| 5659058027 | photosynthesis | process by which plants and some other organisms use light energy to convert water and carbon dioxide into oxygen and high-energy carbohydrates such as sugars and starches 6CO₂ + 12H₂O + Light Energy → C₆H₁₂O₆ + 6O₂ + 6H₂O |  | 65 |
| 5659058028 | splitting of water | photolysis | 66 | |
| 5659058032 | photophosphorylation | The process of generating ATP from ADP and phosphate by means of a proton-motive force generated by the thylakoid membrane of the chloroplast during the light reactions of photosynthesis. | 67 | |
| 5659058034 | carbon fixation | incorporating CO₂ from the atmosphere into organic molecules from the chloroplast | 68 | |
| 5659058035 | rubisco | Ribulose biphosphate carboxylase, an enzyme that fixes CO₂ together with RuBP. | 69 | |
| 5659058036 | RuBP | ribulose biphosphate | 70 | |
| 5659058038 | electromagnetic spectrum | the entire range of radiation |  | 71 |
| 5659058040 | spectrometer | a machine that measures the ability of a pigment to absorb various wavelengths of light |  | 72 |
| 5659058047 | reaction center | where the first light-driven chemical reaction of photosynthesis occurs, e⁻ goes in, gets excited and jumps up, grabbed by PEA | 73 | |
| 5659058048 | primary electron acceptor | grabs the e⁻ when it gets excited and dumps it into ETC | 74 | |
| 5659058049 | photosystem II | first photosystem, center is p680, takes in H₂O, splits and leaves out 1/2 O₂ and takes 2 e⁻, excites electrons and sends to primary acceptor |  | 75 |
| 5659058051 | photosystem I | takes e⁻ from ETC and excites them (uses light), gives them to primary acceptor in noncyclic, go down ETC again |  | 76 |
| 5659058052 | noncyclic electron flow | A route of electron flow during the light reactions of photosynthesis that involves both photosystems and produces ATP, NADPH, and oxygen. The net electron flow is from water to NADP+. |  | 77 |
| 5659058056 | G3P | glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate, the threecarbon sugar formed in the Calvin cycle | 78 | |
| 5659058061 | mesophyll cell | more loosely arranged between bundle-sheath and leaf surface. takes in CO₂, fixed by PEP carboxylase | 79 | |
| 5659058062 | PEP carboxylase | adds CO₂ to PEP, higher affinity to CO₂ than rubisco | 80 | |
| 5659058063 | CAM plants | (crassulacean acid metabolism) temporal adaptation, open stomata during the night, closed during day. store organic acids made during night in vacuoles | 81 |
