Photosynthesis
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| 6212395447 | photosynthesis (definition) | process of harnessing light energy to build carbohydrates in autotrophs (ex. plants, cyanobacteria) |  | 0 |
| 6212395448 | photosynthesis (equation) | 6 CO2 + 6 H2O + light energy --> C6H12O6 + 6 O2 | 1 | |
| 6212395449 | autotroph | organism that CAN capture energy from sunlight or chemicals and use it to produce its own food (producer) |  | 2 |
| 6212395450 | heterotroph | organism that CANNOT produce its own food and therefore obtains it by consuming other living things (consumer) |  | 3 |
| 6212395451 | light-dependent reactions | 1st step of photosynthesis during which light energy is captured and used to synthesize ATP and NADPH |  | 4 |
| 6212395452 | light-independent reactions | 2nd step of photosynthesis during which CO2 is incorporated into a sugar molecule using ATP and NADPH produced during the first step |  | 5 |
| 6212395453 | thylakoid membranes of chloroplasts | location of light-dependent reactions | 6 | |
| 6212395454 | stroma of chloroplasts | location of light-independent reactions | 7 | |
| 6212395455 | G3P | carbon product of the light-independent reactions |  | 8 |
| 6212395456 | photon | (1) quantum (discrete quantity) of electromagnetic radiation (light energy) with both wave and particle properties |  | 9 |
| 6212395457 | inverse | What is the relationship between wavelength and energy? | 10 | |
| 6212395458 | reflected, transmitted, or absorbed | When a photon strikes a substance it can be _____________________ | 11 | |
| 6212395459 | pigments | substances that can absorb, reflect, or transmit light | 12 | |
| 6212395460 | absorption spectrum | graph of a pigment's ability to absorb various wavelengths of light |  | 13 |
| 6212395461 | action spectrum | graph of a plant's photosynthesis rate at different wavelengths of light |  | 14 |
| 6212395462 | violet, blue and red | Which wavelengths of the visible light spectrum do chlorophylls ABSORB? | 15 | |
| 6212395463 | green and yellow | Which wavelengths of the visible light spectrum do chlorophylls REFLECT? | 16 | |
| 6212395464 | carotenoids | accessory pigments in chloroplasts that broaden the spectrum of colors used in photosynthesis (absorb green/blue but reflect red/yellow/orange) |  | 17 |
| 6212395465 | mesophyll | (C) ground tissue of a leaf, sandwiched between upper and lower epidermis that specializes in photosynthesis |  | 18 |
| 6212395466 | chlorophyll b | pigment, green/olive, in chloroplast |  | 19 |
| 6212395467 | chlorophyll a | pigment, blue/green, in chloroplast |  | 20 |
| 6212395468 | excited state | (7) when absorbed photon energy causes electron to move away from nucleus | | 21 |
| 6212395469 | photosystems | (6) photosynthetic pigments embedded with protein complexes in the thylakoid membrane | | 22 |
| 6212395470 | parts of photosystems | (3+4) reaction-center complex and light harvesting complex | | 23 |
| 6212395471 | reaction-center complex | (4) centrally located proteins associated with a special pair of chlorophyll a molecules and a primary electron acceptor | | 24 |
| 6212395472 | light harvesting complex | (3) proteins associated with pigment molecules that capture light energy and transfers it to center of a photosystem |  | 25 |
| 6212395473 | photosystem II (PS II) | 1st of two light harvesting units in thylakoid membrane that passes excited electrons to reaction-center chlorophyll |  | 26 |
| 6212395474 | primary electron acceptor | (2) electrons from the reaction-center in thylakoid membranes are transferred to this molecule | | 27 |
| 6212395475 | water | splitting this molecule replaces electrons which are excited and passed to primary electron acceptor in PSII | 28 | |
| 6212395476 | O2 | released as a byproduct of splitting water | 29 | |
| 6212395477 | photosystem I (PS I) | 2nd of two light-capturing units in thylakoid membranes that replaces its electrons by those from the 1st complex and results in production of NADPH |  | 30 |
| 6212395478 | proton-motive force | created by pumping hydrogen ions from stroma to thylakoid space during electron transport chain between PS II and PS I |  | 31 |
| 6212395479 | ATP synthase | enzyme that synthesies ATP by utilizing a proton-motive force |  | 32 |
| 6212395480 | Calvin cycle, dark reactions, and carbon fixation | other names for light independent reactions |  | 33 |
| 6212395481 | 3 steps of light independent reaction | 1. carbon fixation 2. reduction 3. regeneration of RuBP |  | 34 |
| 6212395482 | reduction | step in Calvin cycle that produces sugar G3P | 35 | |
| 6212395483 | carbon dioxide | molecule reduced in Calvin cycle to produce sugar | 36 | |
| 6212395484 | thylakoids | (C) flattened membranous sacs inside chloroplasts that contain systems which convert light energy to chemical energy |  | 37 |
| 6212395485 | absorbed | energy is ____________ in photosynthesis | 38 | |
| 6212395486 | released | energy is _____________ in cellular respiration | 39 | |
| 6212395487 | glucose and oxygen | reactants of cellular respiration | 40 | |
| 6212395488 | carbon dioxide and water | reactants of photosynthesis | 41 | |
| 6212395489 | glucose | source of electrons used in ETC of cellular respiration | 42 | |
| 6212395490 | intermembrane space | site of proton gradient built up in cellular respiration | 43 | |
| 6212395491 | thylakoid space | site of proton gradient built up in photosynthesis | 44 | |
| 6212395492 | NAD+ and FAD | high energy electron carrier(s) before reduction in cellular respiration (after they drop off electrons at ETC) | 45 | |
| 6212395493 | NADH and FADH2 | high energy electron carrier(s) after reduction in cellular respiration (after they pick up electrons from Kreb's cycle) | 46 | |
| 6212395494 | NADP+ | high energy electron carrier(s ) before reduction in photosynthesis (after they drop off electrons for Calvin cycle) |  | 47 |
| 6212395495 | NADPH | high energy electron carrier(s ) after reduction in photosynthesis (after they pick up electrons from ETC) |  | 48 |
| 6212395496 | ATP | energy product(s) from ETC in cellular respiration |  | 49 |
| 6212395497 | ATP and NADPH | energy product(s) from ETC in photosynthesis |  | 50 |
| 6212395498 | glucose, NADH and FADH2 | reactant(s) oxidized in cellular respiration | 51 | |
| 6212395499 | H2O | reactant(s) oxidized in photosynthesis (source of electrons) | 52 | |
| 6212395500 | cyclic electron flow | light dependent reactions using only photosystem I to pump protons and generate excess ATP (not NADPH) |  | 53 |
| 6212395501 | linear electron flow | light dependent reactions involving both photosystems; electrons from H2O are used to reduce NADP to NADPH |  | 54 |
| 6212395502 | rubisco | enzyme with affinity for both CO2 and O2 that catalyzes first step of Calvin cycle by adding CO2 to ribulose bisphosphate (RuBP) | 55 | |
| 6212395503 | PEP carboxylase | enzyme with great affinity for CO2 (gas) adds it to phosphoenolpyruvate (PEP) to form oxaloacetate (4-carbon solid) prior to photosynthesis | 56 | |
| 6212395504 | stomata | pore-like openings on underside of leaves that allow gases (CO2 and O2) and water to diffuse in and out |  | 57 |
| 6212395505 | bundle-sheath cells | tightly packed around the veins of a leaf (site of Calvin cycle in C4 plants) |  | 58 |
| 6212395506 | photorespiration | occurs on hot, dry days when stomata close, O2 accumulates and Rubisco fixes O2 rather than CO2, using up ATP, O2 and sugars |  | 59 |
| 6212395507 | C3 plants | do not separately fix CO2 and use Rubisco in Calvin Cycle |  | 60 |
| 6212395508 | C4 plants | spatially separate carbon fixation (mesophyll cells) from Calvin Cycle (bundle-sheath cells); use PEP carboxylase instead of Rubisco to fix CO2 |  | 61 |
| 6212395509 | CAM plants | temporally separate carbon fixation (day) and Calvin Cycle (night); use PEP carboxylase instead of Rubisco to fix CO2 |  | 62 |
| 6212395510 | autotroph | organism capable of synthesizing its own food from CO₂ and other inorganic raw materials. The producers. | 63 | |
| 6212395511 | heterotroph | an organism that depends on other's complex organic substances for nutrition. | 64 | |
| 6212395512 | photoautotroph | plants that use energy from sunlight to convert carbon dioxide and water to carbon compounds. | 65 | |
| 6212395513 | chlorophyll | the green pigment located within chloroplasts. It absorbs light energy to drive the synthesis of food molecules in the chloroplast. |  | 66 |
| 6212395514 | mesophyll | the tissue in the interior of the leaf, contains 30-40 chloroplasts | | 67 |
| 6212395515 | stomata | microscopic pores, help CO₂ enter the cell and O₂ exit. | | 68 |
| 6212395516 | stroma | thick fluid contained in the inner membrane of a chloroplast, surrounding thylakoids membranes. | 69 | |
| 6212395517 | photosynthesis | process by which plants and some other organisms use light energy to convert water and carbon dioxide into oxygen and high-energy carbohydrates such as sugars and starches 6CO₂ + 12H₂O + Light Energy → C₆H₁₂O₆ + 6O₂ + 6H₂O |  | 70 |
| 6212395518 | splitting of water | hydrolysis that occurs inside the thylakoid space, splits H₂O to produce H+ and O₂. | 71 | |
| 6212395519 | pigment | a molecule that absorbs certain wavelengths of light | 72 | |
| 6212395520 | light reactions | the steps of photosynthesis that convert solar energy to chemical energy. Light absorbed by chlorophyll drives a transfer of electrons and hydrogen from water to an acceptor, called NADP⁺. give off O₂. Happen in thylakoid or in chloroplast in eukaryotic cells. | 73 | |
| 6212395521 | NADP⁺ | nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate, temporarily stores the energized electrons | 74 | |
| 6212395522 | photophosphorylation | The process of generating ATP from ADP and phosphate by means of a proton-motive force generated by the thylakoid membrane of the chloroplast during the light reactions of photosynthesis. | 75 | |
| 6212395523 | Calvin cycle | carbon fixation using energy from ATP and NADPH from the light reactions to produce a three carbon sugar, happens in stroma. |  | 76 |
| 6212395524 | carbon fixation | incorporating CO₂ from the atmosphere into organic molecules from the chloroplast | 77 | |
| 6212395525 | rubisco | Ribulose biphosphate carboxylase, an enzyme that fixes CO₂ together with RuBP. | 78 | |
| 6212395526 | RuBP | ribulose biphosphate | 79 | |
| 6212395527 | wavelength | the distance between the crests of electromagnetic waves, range from less than a nanometer to more than a kilometer | 80 | |
| 6212395528 | electromagnetic spectrum | the entire range of radiation |  | 81 |
| 6212395529 | visible light | 380-750nm | | 82 |
| 6212395530 | spectrometer | a machine that measures the ability of a pigment to absorb various wavelengths of light |  | 83 |
| 6212395531 | absorption spectrum | a graph plotting a pigments light absorption versus wavelength. (a) shows the absorption of each chlorophyll |  | 84 |
| 6212395532 | chlorophyll a | first type of pigment in chloroplasts, participate directly in light reactions; works best with blue and red light, blue-green | 85 | |
| 6212395533 | chlorophyll b | accessory pigment; almost identical to chlorophyll a, but slightly different absorption spectra, yellow-green | 86 | |
| 6212395534 | action spectrum | profiles the relative performance of different wavelengths | 87 | |
| 6212395535 | carotenoids | second accessory pigment, hydrocarbons that are various shades of yellow and orange, may broaden the spectrum of colors that can drive photosynthesis | 88 | |
| 6212395536 | photosystems | has a light-gathering antenna complex consisting of a cluster of a fer hundred chlorophyll a, a chlorophyll b, and carotenoid molecules |  | 89 |
| 6212395537 | reaction center | where the first light-driven chemical reaction of photosynthesis occurs, e⁻ goes in, gets excited and jumps up, grabbed by PEA | 90 | |
| 6212395538 | primary electron acceptor | grabs the e⁻ when it gets excited and dumps it into ETC | 91 | |
| 6212395539 | photosystem II | first photosystem, center is p680, takes in H₂O, splits and leaves out 1/2 O₂ and takes 2 e⁻, excites electrons and sends to primary acceptor |  | 92 |
| 6212395540 | photolysis | takes the H₂O, splits, releasing 2 H⁺ and 1/2 O₂, sending 2 e⁻ to photosystem |  | 93 |
| 6212395541 | photosystem I | takes e⁻ from ETC and excites them (uses light), gives them to primary acceptor in noncyclic, go down ETC again |  | 94 |
| 6212395542 | noncyclic electron flow | A route of electron flow during the light reactions of photosynthesis that involves both photosystems and produces ATP, NADPH, and oxygen. The net electron flow is from water to NADP+. |  | 95 |
| 6212395543 | noncyclic photophosphorylation | ATP synthesis during noncyclic electron flow | 96 | |
| 6212395544 | cyclic electron flow | uses photosystem I but not photosystem II, no production of NADPH and no release of oxygen, but does generate ATP |  | 97 |
| 6212395545 | cyclic photophosphorylation | ATP synthesis in cyclic electron flow | 98 | |
| 6212395546 | G3P | glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate, the threecarbon sugar formed in the Calvin cycle | 99 | |
| 6212395547 | C₃ plants | produce less food when their stomata close on hot/dry days. | 100 | |
| 6212395548 | photorespiration | A metabolic pathway that consumes oxygen, releases carbon dioxide, generates no ATP, and decreases photosynthetic output; generally occurs on hot, dry, bright days, when stomata close and the oxygen concentration in the leaf exceeds that of carbon dioxide. | 101 | |
| 6212395549 | C₄ plants | corn, sugarcane, grass. forms a four carbon sugar, contains bundle sheath and mesophyll cells. spacial separation of steps |  | 102 |
| 6212395550 | bundle-sheath cell | arranged into tightly packed sheaths around the veins of the leaf. CO₂ is released and enters the calvin cycle | 103 | |
| 6212395551 | mesophyll cell | more loosely arranged between bundle-sheath and leaf surface. takes in CO₂, fixed by PEP carboxylase | 104 | |
| 6212395552 | PEP carboxylase | adds CO₂ to PEP, higher affinity to CO₂ than rubisco | 105 | |
| 6212395553 | CAM plants | (crassulacean acid metabolism) temporal adaptation, open stomata during the night, closed during day. store organic acids made during night in vacuoles | 106 |
