key words from chapter 11, 2011 ed.
Terms : Hide Images
| 6085967234 | signal transduction pathway | process where surface cellular responses cause responses within the cell |  | 0 |
| 6085967235 | local regulator | a released, short-distance signaling molecule which travels between the secreting and target cell |  | 1 |
| 6085967236 | hormone | a released, long-distance signaling molecule which travels between the secreting cell (endocrine) and the target cell |  | 2 |
| 6085967237 | ligand | a signaling molecule |  | 3 |
| 6085967238 | G protein-coupled receptors | uses a signaling molecule/ligand, a G protein/GTPase and GTP to activate an inactive enzyme; located in a membrane |  | 4 |
| 6085967239 | G proteins | relays signals from a plasma membrane signal receptor, known as a G protein-coupled receptor, to other signal transduction proteins in the cell |  | 5 |
| 6085967240 | receptor tyrosine kinases | molecules activated by ligands and phosphates to activate a response |  | 6 |
| 6085967241 | ligand gated ion channel receptors | block and allow ions in and out of the cell |  | 7 |
| 6085967242 | protein kinase | general name for an enzyme that transfers phosphate groups from ATP to a protein | 8 | |
| 6085967243 | protein phosphatases | (PP) enzymes that rapidly remove phosphate groups from proteins during signal transduction | 9 | |
| 6085967244 | second messengers | small, non-protein, water-soluble molecules/ions that act as the signaling molecule/ligand | 10 | |
| 6085967245 | cyclic AMP (cAMP) | an important second messenger that helps make protein kinase A (PKA); made with help of the signaling molecule epinephrine |  | 11 |
| 6085967246 | adenylyl cyclase | an enzyme that converts ATP to cAMP | 12 | |
| 6085967247 | diacylglycerol (DAG) | second messenger that helps with the release of calcium ions in the cytosol; produced by a cleavage of a certain kind of phospholipid in the plasma membrane | 13 | |
| 6085967248 | inositol triphosphate (IP3) | a second messenger that releases calcium ions from organelles, such as the ER; produced by a cleavage of a certain kind of phospholipid in the plasma membrane | 14 | |
| 6085967249 | scaffolding proteins | proteins that can hold multiple relay proteins, increasing the speed and efficiency of signals |  | 15 |
| 6085967250 | apoptosis | cellular suicide | 16 | |
| 6085967251 | growth factors | compounds that stimulate nearby target cells to grow and divide | 17 | |
| 6085967252 | paracrine signaling | a type of local signaling where the target cell is close to the signal-releasing cell | 18 | |
| 6085967253 | synaptic signaling | a type of local signaling specific to neurotransmitters in nerve cells | 19 | |
| 6085967254 | hormonal signaling | a type of long-distance signaling where an endocrine excretes hormones in a blood vessel to travel to a target cell | 20 | |
| 6085967255 | reception | when a signaling molecule binds to a receptor protein | 21 | |
| 6085967256 | transduction | the relay of molecules in a cell via a signal transduction pathway | 22 | |
| 6085967257 | response | when an enzyme is activated to do an activity in a cell | 23 | |
| 6085967258 | transcription factors | control which genes are written (transcribed) onto mRNA at a certain place and at a certain time | 24 | |
| 6085967259 | GTP | moves proteins around for cellular response, (like rage) | 25 | |
| 6085967260 | GTPase | aka G protein, relay protein, (like Achilles) | 26 | |
| 6085967261 | kinase | enzymes that add phosphate groups (phosphorylate) to amino acids in a protein chain | 27 |
