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| 7603431844 | signal transduction pathway | a series of steps linking a mechanical or chemical stimulus to a specific cellular response |  | 0 |
| 7603431845 | local regulators | a secreted molecule that influences cells near where it is secreted (the red stuff) |  | 1 |
| 7603431846 | cell junctions | allows molecules to pass readily between adjacent cells without crossing plasma membranes |  | 2 |
| 7603431847 | cell-cell recognition | two cells in an animal may communicate by interaction between molecules protruding from their surfaces |  | 3 |
| 7603431848 | paracrine signaling | (local) a secreting cell acts on nearby target cells by discharging molecules of a local regulator |  | 4 |
| 7603431849 | synaptic signaling | (local) a nerve cell releases neurotransmitter molecules into a synapse, stimulating the target cell |  | 5 |
| 7603431850 | hormonal signaling | specialized endocrine cells secrete hormones into body fluids, often the blood |  | 6 |
| 7603431851 | hormones | in multicellular organisms, one of many types of secreted chemicals that are formed in specialized cells, travel in body fluids, and act on specific target cells in other parts of the body to change their functioning | 7 | |
| 7603431852 | reception | When the chemical signal is detected by the cell |  | 8 |
| 7603431853 | transduction | When the binding of the signaling molecule changes the receptor protein in someway so the cell can understand the message |  | 9 |
| 7603431854 | response | the end result of a signal connecting to a cell |  | 10 |
| 7603431855 | ligand | a molecule that binds specifically to another molecule, usually a larger one | 11 | |
| 7603431856 | g protein-coupled receptor | a signal receptor protein in the plasma membrane that responds to the binding of a signaling molecule by activating a G protein | 12 | |
| 7603431858 | g protein | a GTP-binding protein that relays signals from a plasma membrane signal receptor, known as a G protein-coupled receptor, to other signal transduction proteins inside the cell | 13 | |
| 7603431859 | receptor tyrosine kinases | a receptor protein in the plasma membrane, the intracellular part of which can catalyze the transfer of a phosphate group from ATP to a tyrosine on another protein | 14 | |
| 7603431860 | receptor tyrosine kinases | often respond to the binding of a signaling molecule by dimerizing and then phosphorylating a tyrosine on the cytoplasmic portion of the other receptor in the dimer; phosphorylated tyrosines on the receptors then activate other signal transduction proteins within the cell | 15 | |
| 7603431862 | ligand-gated ion channel | a protein pore in cellular membranes that opens or closes in response to a signaling chemical (its ligand), allowing or blocking the flow of specific ions | 16 | |
| 7603431865 | protein kinase | an enzyme that transfers phosphate groups from ATP to a protein, thus phosphorylating the protein | 17 | |
| 7603431866 | protein phosphatases | an enzyme that removes phosphate groups from (dephosphorylates) proteins, often functioning to reverse the effect of a protein kinase | 18 | |
| 7603431867 | phosphorylation cascade | A chain reaction of events that happen inside of a cell to produce the response |  | 19 |
| 7603431868 | second messengers | a small, nonprotein, water-soluble molecule or ion, such as a calcium ion (Ca2+) or cyclic AMP, that relays a signal to a cell's interior in response to a signaling molecule bound by a signal receptor protein | 20 | |
| 7603431869 | cyclic amp | cyclic adenosine monophosphate, a ring-shaped molecule made from ATP that is a common intracellular signaling molecule (second messenger) in eukaryotic cells; also a regulator of some bacterial operons |  | 21 |
| 7603431870 | adenylyl cyclase | an enzyme that converts ATP to cyclic AMP in response to a signal |  | 22 |
| 7603431872 | calcium ions | many signaling molecules in animals, including neurotransmitters, growth factors, and some hormones, induce responses in their target cells via signal transduction pathways that increase the cytosolic concentration of | 23 | |
| 7603431875 | IP3 (inositol triphosphate) | a second messenger that functions as an intermediate between certain nonsteroid hormones and a third messenger, a rise in cytoplasmic calcium ion concentration | 24 | |
| 7603431876 | DAG (diacyglycerol) | a second messenger produced by the cleavage of a certain kind of phospholipid in the plasma membrane | 25 | |
| 7603431879 | scaffolding proteins | a type of large relay protein to which several other relay proteins are simultaneously attached, increasing the efficiency of signal transduction |  | 26 |
| 7603431880 | apoptosis | a program of controlled cell suicide, which is brought about by signals that trigger the activation of a cascade of suicide proteins in the cell destined to die | 27 |
