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| 5720418385 | heredity | Passing of traits from parents to offspring | 0 | |
| 5720418386 | variation | Differences in the frequency of genes and traits among individual organisms within a population | 1 | |
| 5720418387 | genetics | The scientific study of heredity | 2 | |
| 5720418388 | genes | DNA segments that serve as the key functional units in hereditary transmission. | 3 | |
| 5720418389 | gametes | A haploid cell such as an egg or sperm. Gametes unite during sexual reproduction to produce a diploid zygote. | 4 | |
| 5720418390 | gene locus | specific location of a gene on a chromosome | 5 | |
| 5720418391 | asexual reproduction | A reproductive process that involves only one parent and produces offspring that are identical to the parent. | 6 | |
| 5720418392 | clone | An organism that is genetically identical to the organism from which it was produced | 7 | |
| 5720418393 | sexual reproduction | A reproductive process that involves two parents that combine their genetic material to produce a new organism, which differs from both parents | 8 | |
| 5720418394 | life cycle | The entire sequence of stages in the life of an organism, from the adults of one generation to the adults of the next. | 9 | |
| 5720418395 | somatic cell | Any cell in a multicellular organism except a sperm or egg cell. | 10 | |
| 5720418396 | karyotype | A display of the chromosome pairs of a cell arranged by size and shape. | 11 | |
| 5720418397 | homologous chromosomes | Chromosomes that have the same sequence of genes and the same structure | 12 | |
| 5720418398 | sister chromatids | Identical copies of a chromosome; full sets of these are created during the S subphase of interphase. | 13 | |
| 5720418399 | sex chromosomes | The pair of chromosomes (X & Y) responsible for determining the sex of an individual. | 14 | |
| 5720418400 | autosomes | Any chromosome that is not a sex chromosome | 15 | |
| 5720418401 | diploid cell | A cell containing two sets of chromosomes (2n), one set inherited from each parent. | 16 | |
| 5720418402 | haploid cell | A cell containing only one set of chromosomes (n). | 17 | |
| 5720418403 | fertilization | The union of haploid gametes to produce a diploid zygote | 18 | |
| 5720418404 | zygote | Fertilized egg cell | 19 | |
| 5720418405 | meiosis | A modified type of cell division in sexually reproducing organisms consisting of two rounds of cell division but only one round of DNA replication. It results in cells with half the number of chromosome sets as the original cell. | 20 | |
| 5720418406 | alternation of generations | the alternation between the haploid gametophyte and the diploid sporophyte in a plant's life cycle | 21 | |
| 5720418407 | sporophytes | the multicellular diploid form that results from the union of gametes. The sporophyte produces haploid spores by meiosis that develop into gametophytes | 22 | |
| 5720418408 | spores | (1)in the life cycle of a plant or alga undergoing alternation of generations, a haploid cell produced in the sporophyte by meiosis. A spore can divide by mitosis to develop into a multicellular haploid individual, the gametophyte, without fusing with another cell. (2) In fungi, a haploid cell, produced either sexually or asexually, that produces a mycelium after germination. | 23 | |
| 5720418409 | gametophyte | The multicellular haploid form that produces haploid gametes by mitosis. | 24 | |
| 5720418410 | meiosis I | Homologous chromosomes separate | 25 | |
| 5720418411 | meiosis II | the second phase of meiosis consisting of chromatids separating, along with the two diploid cells splitting in two | 26 | |
| 5720418412 | prophase I | The first phase of meiosis I. During prophase I the replicated chromosomes condense, homologous chromsomes pair up, crossing over occurs between homologous chromosomes, the spindle is formed, and the nuclear envelope breaks apart into vesicles. Prophase I is the longest phase of meiosis. | 27 | |
| 5720418413 | metaphase I | The second phase of meiosis I. During metaphase I the paired homologous chromsomes (tetrads) align at the center of the cell (the metaphase plate). | 28 | |
| 5720418414 | anaphase I | The third phase of meiosis I. the replicated homologous chromosomes are separated (the tetrad is split) and pulled to opposite sides of the cell. | 29 | |
| 5720418415 | telophase I | the fifth and final stage of mitosis, to which daughter nuclei are forming and cytokinesis has typically begun. | 30 | |
| 5720418416 | cytokinesis | Division of the cytoplasm during cell division | 31 | |
| 5720418417 | prophase II | The first phase of meiosis II. Prophase II is identical to mitotic prophase, except that the number of chromosomes was reduced by half during meiosis I. | 32 | |
| 5720418418 | metaphase II | The second phase of meiosis II. Metaphase II is identical to mitotic metaphase, except that the number of chromosomes was reduced by half during meiosis I. | 33 | |
| 5720418419 | anaphase II | The third phase of meiosis II. During anaphase II the sister chromatids are finally separated at their centromeres and pulled to opposite sides of the cell. Note that anaphase II is identical to mitotic anaphase, except the number of chromosomes was reduced by half during meiosis I. | 34 | |
| 5720418420 | Telophase II | The fourth and final phase of meiosis II. Telophase II is identical to mitotic telophase, except that the number of chromosomes was reduced by half during meiosis. I. | 35 | |
| 5720418421 | daughter cells | The cells that are produced as a result of mitosis. These cells are identical to each other, and also to the original parent cell. | 36 | |
| 5720418422 | synapsis | the pairing of homologous chromosomes during meiosis | 37 | |
| 5720418423 | crossing over | the reciprocal exchange of genetic material between nonsister chromatids during prophase I of meiosis | 38 | |
| 5720418424 | chiasma | The X-shaped, microscopically visible region where homologous nonsister chromatids have exchanged genetic material through crossing over during meiosis, the two homologs remaining associated due to sister chromatids cohesion. | 39 | |
| 5720418425 | homologs | closely related genes | 40 | |
| 5720418426 | cohesins | Proteins that hold sister chromatids together | 41 | |
| 5720418427 | reductional division | another name for meiosis I | 42 | |
| 5720418428 | equatorial division | Meiosis 2 | 43 | |
| 5720418429 | alleles | Different forms of a gene | 44 | |
| 5720418430 | independent assortment | The random distribution of the pairs of genes on different chromosomes to the gametes. | 45 | |
| 5720418431 | recombinant chromosomes | Chromosomes that combine genes from both parents due to crossing-over | 46 | |
| 5720418432 | Rudulf Virchow | Physician and biologist who discovered cell division, "All cells come from other cells" or "Omnis cellula e cellula" | 47 | |
| 5720418433 | Cell division | the process in reproduction and growth by which a cell divides to form daughter cells, also functions in renewal, repair and growth |  | 48 |
| 5720418434 | Metastasis | Spread of cancer cells beyond their original site in the body |  | 49 |
| 5720418435 | Zygote | The diploid cell resulting from the union of an ovum and a spermatozoon (including the organism that develops from that cell) | 50 | |
| 5720418436 | Cell Cycle | The regular sequence of growth and division that cells undergo. | 51 | |
| 5720418437 | Genome | A cell's total endowment of DNA, in eukaryotes this consists of a large number of DNA molecules, while in prokaryotes it is just a single long molecule. | 52 | |
| 5720418438 | Chromosomes | thread like structures that have genetic info (DNA) that is passed down from one generation to the next, make the large amount of DNA that is packaged in them very managable. Are named because of the cewrtain dyes that they take up when used in microscopy. | 53 | |
| 5720418439 | Somatic Cells | Any cell in multicellular organism EXCEPT an egg or sperm(gametes), they each contain 46 chromosomes made up of two sets of 23. | 54 | |
| 5720418440 | Gametes | They are haploid reproductive cells like sperm cells or egg cells 23 chromosomes. |  | 55 |
| 5720418441 | Chromatin | Long strands of DNA found in the eukaryotic cell nucleus; condense to form chromosomes and wrapped around histones. |  | 56 |
| 5720418442 | Histones | Globular protein molecule around which DNA is tightly coiled in chromatin, helps in the regulation of the first level of DNA packing | 57 | |
| 5720418443 | Sister Chromatids | Each duplicated chromosome has 2 _____________. , Each conatining an identical DNA molecule attached by adhesve proteins all olong their lengths. | 58 | |
| 5720418444 | Sister Chromatids | Identical copies of a chromosome; full sets of these are created during the S(DNA replication) subphase of interphase, joined at the middle by the centromere. | 59 | |
| 5720418445 | Centromere | a specialized condensed region of each chromosome that appears during mitosis where the sister chromatids are held together to form an X shape | 60 | |
| 5720418446 | Mitosis | In eukaryotic cells, a process of cell division that forms two new nuclei, each of which has the same number of chromosomes. 5 Phases | 61 | |
| 5720418447 | Cytokinesis | Organic process consisting of the division of the cytoplasm of a cell following karyokinesis bringing about the separation into two daughter cells, involves the formation of cleavage furrow formation. | 62 | |
| 5720418448 | Meiosis | Process by which the number of chromosomes per cell is cut in half through the separation of homologous chromosomes in a diploid cell, leading to nonidentical daughter cells that have only one set of chromosomes and produces reproductive cells. | 63 | |
| 5720418449 | Walther Flemming | German scientist who in 1882 developed dyes that allowed him to observe the behavior of chromosomes during mitosis and cytokinesis, | 64 | |
| 5720418450 | Mitotic Phase | A phase of the cell cycle that include both mitosis and cytokinesis, and is the shortest part of the cell cycle, alternates with interphase and is abreviated (M)phase. | 65 | |
| 5720418451 | Interphase | The longest phase of the cell cycle (accounting for 90% of the cycle), it is during this phase that the cell grows and copies its chromosomes in preparation for cell division, divied into 3 phases ( G1 phase(first gap), S phase(synthesis), and G2 phase(second gap), during this phase the single centrosome replicate but stay near the nucleus. | 66 | |
| 5720418452 | S phase | The phase( and only phase) of interphase in which cell chromosomes are duplicated | 67 | |
| 5720418453 | 24 | A human cell usually undergoes one divisipn every ______ 24 hours. Of this time M phase would last 1 hour, S phase 10-12 hours, and the rest would be split between G1 and G2. | 68 | |
| 5720418454 | G1 Phase | The most variable in time of the interphase phases depending on the type of cell. | 69 | |
| 5720418455 | Prophase | 1st Phase of the mitosis where chromatin fiber becomes tightly coiled condensing into chromosomes, the nucleoli disappear, the mitotic spindle begins forming(composed of centrosomes and microtubules), and the centrosomes begin to move away from each other |  | 70 |
| 5720418456 | Prometaphase | 2nd phase of mitosis, where the nucleur envolope fragments, microtubules go through nucleur area and interact with chromosomes, each of the chromatids of the chromosomes has a kinetochore at the centromere which attacth to the microtubules, amd nonkinetochore microtubules interact with those on opposite pole of spindle. | 71 | |
| 5720418457 | Metaphase | 3rd phase of mitosis, and the longest lasting about 20 minutes, the centrosomes are now at opposite ends of the cell, the chromosomes have now convened at the metaphase plate(imaginary plane that is equidistant between the spindles 2 poles) each chromosomes kinetochore is connected to kinetochore microtubules coming from opposite poles, the entire apparatus is now called a spindle because of its shape., |  | 72 |
| 5720418458 | Anaphase | 4th Phase of mitosis, and the shortest lasting a few minutes, begins when the two sister chromatids suddenly part, making each one a seperate chromosome, which then begin to move to opposite sides of the cell by making their kinetochore microtubules shorten (centromere first), and the cell elongates, and by the end of this phase the two ends hav equivalent and complete collections of chromosomes. |  | 73 |
| 5720418459 | Telophase | 5th and Final phase of mitosis, where two daughter nuclei start to form , and nuclear envolopes begin to form from the fragments of the parents cell's nuclear envolope and other portion of the endomembrane system, the chromosomes also become less condensed and mitoisis is complete. |  | 74 |
| 5720418460 | Mitotic Spindle | Joined microtubules and associated proteins that form around the nucleus; pushing the centrioles to opposite ends of the cells, begins to form in the cytoplasm during prophase(1st). When it assembles the other microtubules of the cytoskeleton partially disassemble to help provide the material to build this. | 75 | |
| 5720418461 | Centrosome | A nonmembrane organelle that functions throughout the cell cycle to organize the cell's microtubules , and is for that reaswon that it is also called the (microtubule-organizing center), usually has a pair of centrioles in the middle of it (although these are not essential for reproduction) | 76 | |
| 5720418462 | Kinetochore | A structure of proteins that are associated with specific sections of chromosomal DNA, each of the 2 sister chromatids have one,=. | 77 | |
| 5720418463 | Asters | Starlike arrangement of microtubules around the poles of the spindles | 78 | |
| 5720418464 | Metaphase Plate | An imaginary plane during metaphase in which the centromeres of all the duplicated chromosomes are located midway between the two poles | 79 | |
| 5720418465 | Cleavage Furrow | The first sign of cytokinesis during cell division in an animal cell; a shallow groove in the cell surface near the old metaphase plate | 80 | |
| 5720418466 | Tubulin | In Anaphase, kinetochore microtubules shorten at their kinetochore ends NOT at their spindle pole ends, because as a microtubule depolarizes at its kineochore end it releases _______ subunits. | 81 | |
| 5720418467 | Microfilaments | The ___________made up of a ring of contractile actin and myosin proteins are on the cytoplasmic side of the cleavage furrow, pull on each other and deepen until the two cells have seperated, these _________ are also important in muscle contraction. (Only in Animal Cytokinesis) | 82 | |
| 5720418468 | Cell Plate | A double membrane across the midline of a dividing plant cell, between which the new cell wall forms during cytokinesis. Actually derived from vesicles of the golgi apparatus which move to the middle os the cell wall and then coalesce forming the __________. | 83 | |
| 5720418469 | Binary Fission | Type of asexual reproduction in prokaryotes which an organism replicates its DNA and divides in half, producing two identical daughter cells | 84 | |
| 5720418470 | Origin of Replication | The specific location on a DNA strand where replication begins.. Prokaryotes typically have a single origin of replication, while eukaryotes have several per chromosome. | 85 | |
| 5720418471 | Liver Cells | Detoxify poisonous substances like bacteria & certain drugs, reseve the ability to divide until it needs to. | 86 | |
| 5720418472 | Cell Cycle control system | A cyclically operating set of molecules in the cell that triggers and coordinates key events in the cell cycle. is regulated at certain "checkpoints" like G1, G2 and M1. | 87 | |
| 5720418473 | Checkpoint | A specific point where stop and go signals can regulate the cell cycle. | 88 | |
| 5720418474 | G1 Checkpoint | The most important checkpoint, dubbed the restriction point in "mammalian cells" if as cell recieves the go ahead it will usually complete all other parts of the cell cycle.and divide, but if it doesn't it will enter the nondividing G0 phase | 89 | |
| 5720418475 | G0 phase | a non dividing face of the cell cycle consisting of the portion of interphase before DNA synthesis begins(Most cells of the human body are actually in this phase) For Example: Nerve cells, muscle cells, and liver cells. | 90 | |
| 5720418476 | Cdks | Enzymes in an inactive form that are present in consistent concentrations over the cell cycle; *most significant enzyme in regulating cell cycle | 91 | |
| 5720418477 | Cyclins | A group of proteins whose function is to regulate the progression of a cell through the cell cycle and whose concentrations rise and fall throughout the cell cycle, attach to kinase(which are at constant concentration) | 92 | |
| 5720418478 | MPF | Maturation-promoting factor (M-phase-promoting factor); a protein complex required for a cell to progress from late interphase to mitosis. The active form consists of cyclin and a protein kinase. The first Cdk complex that was discovered first., Causes the phosphoryladtion of various proteins of the nuclear lamina. | 93 | |
| 5720418479 | Mitogen | A substance which increases mitosis; causes a general cell response to a growth signal, such as platelet derived growth factor(PDGF) | 94 | |
| 5720418480 | PDGF | A mitogen( growth factor) that is made by blood cells called platelets,is required for the division of fibrolasts in culture(As they have these receptors (which are tryosine kinase) in their plamsa membrane | 95 | |
| 5720418481 | Fibroblasts | The type of connective tissue cell that is the most numerous. It secretes fibers and components of the ground substance of the matrix, has receptor molecules in their plasma membrane that are tyrosine kinase which have to bind to PDGF in order to divide. | 96 | |
| 5720418482 | Density - dependent Inhibition | An external physical factor and phenomena that explains why crowded cells stop dividing, means that the amount of growth factor and nutrients per cewll are more important than number of cells, and when the population of a group of cells reaches a certain density it becomes insufficientto allow cell growth and divison. | 97 | |
| 5720418483 | Anchorage Dependence | The requirement that a cell must be attached to a substratum in order to divide, experiments have suggested that this type of dependence is signaled into the cell cycle via pathways controling plasma membrane proteins and elements of the cytoskeleton linked to them | 98 | |
| 5720418484 | HeLa Cells | Cultured cells from cancer patient Henrietta Lacks from 1951 that continue to divide quntil today . they have an immortal cell line and are used to study cancer, actually used by Jonas Salk to test his polio vaccine. | 99 | |
| 5720418485 | Transformation | The process by which a normal cell is converted into a cancer cell, the first step of cencer. | 100 | |
| 5720418486 | Tumor | A mass of abnormal cells that are within otherwise normal tissue. Must secrete signal molecules that cause blood vessels to grow towards the tumor |  | 101 |
| 5720418487 | Benign Tumor | A mass of abnormal cells that remains at the site of origin, do not cause serious problems. |  | 102 |
| 5720418488 | Malignant Tumor | A cancerous tumor that is invasive enough to impair the functions of one or more organs., usually either poliferate to much , metastaze or have an abnormal amount of chromosomes. |  | 103 |
| 5720418489 | Chemotherapy | The type of treatment that is frequently used with cancer that is non-local, but that has to be limited becasue of the danger that it can have on your body, is used in total with drugs like Taxol which freezes mitotic spindle by preventing microtuble depolymerization. | 104 | |
| 5720418490 | Taxol | Anti-cancer drug that prevents depolymerization of microtubules whish effectively stops the cell cycle., found in the bark of pacific yew trees. | 105 |
