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| 8679915659 | DNA Replication | the process by which a DNA molecule is copied; also called DNA synthesis | 0 | |
| 8679915660 | Transformation | a change in genotype and phenotype due to the assimilation of external DNA by a cell transforming substance- DNA | 1 | |
| 8679915661 | Bacteriophages | Viruses that infect bacteria Bacteria eaters |  | 2 |
| 8679915662 | Virus | infects a cell and takes over the cell's metabolic machinery | 3 | |
| 8679915663 | Hershey and Chase (Don't need to memorize scientists) | Concluded that phage DNA entered bacterial host cells, but phage proteins did not, so DNA functions as the genetic material | 4 | |
| 8679915664 | Griffith (Don't need to memorize scientists) | Concluded that nonpathogenic bacteria transformed into pathogenic bacteria by an unknown, heritable substance from the dead S cells that enabled the R cells to make capsules | 5 | |
| 8679915665 | Chargaff's Law | the base compostion of DNA varies between species and for each species, the percentages of A and T bases are roughly equal to the percentages of the G and C bases | 6 | |
| 8679915666 | Rosalind Franklin (Don't need to memorize scientists) | accomplished X-ray crystallographer that discovered the double helix of DNA | 7 | |
| 8679915667 | Antiparallel | subunits run in opposite directions | 8 | |
| 8679915668 | Nitrogenous bases of Dna | A, T, C, G | 9 | |
| 8679915669 | Purines | A and G Nitrogenous bases with two organic rings | 10 | |
| 8679915670 | Pyrimidines | C and T Nitrogenous base with a single organic ring | 11 | |
| 8679915671 | Conservative model | two parental strands reassociate after acting as templates for new strands thus restoring the parental double helix | 12 | |
| 8679915672 | Semiconservative Model | the two strands of the parental molecule separate and each functions as a template for synthesis of a new complementary strand- most common | 13 | |
| 8679915673 | Dispersive Model | each strand of both daughter molecules contains a mixture of old and newly synthesized DNA | 14 | |
| 8679915674 | Origins of Replication | short stretches of DNA having a specific sequence of nucleotides | 15 | |
| 8679915675 | Replication Fork | a Y shaped region where the parental strands of DNA are being unwound | 16 | |
| 8679915676 | Helicases | enzymes that untwist the double helix at the replication forks, separating the two parental strands and make them available as template strands |  | 17 |
| 8679915677 | Single Strand Binding Proteins | Bind to the unpaired DNA strands keeping them from repairing | 18 | |
| 8679915678 | Topoisomerase | The untwisting of double helix causes tighter twisting and strain ahead of replication fork Relieve this strain by breaking swiveling, and rejoining DNA strands | 19 | |
| 8679915679 | Primer | The initial nucleotide chain that is produced during DNA synthesis is actually a short stretch of RNA | 20 | |
| 8679915680 | Primase | Synthesizes the primer Starts a complementary RNA chain from a single RNA nucleotide, adding more RNA nucleotides one at a time, using the parental DNA strand as a template | 21 | |
| 8679915681 | DNA polymerases | Enzyme that catalyze the synthesis of new DNA by adding nucleotides to a preexisting chain | 22 | |
| 8679915682 | Leading strand | Strand that continuously adds nucleotides to the new complementary strand as the fork progresses DNA pol III | 23 | |
| 8679915683 | Lagging Strand | The strand that DNA pol III works away from the replication fork Synthesized discontinuosly as a series of segments | 24 | |
| 8679915684 | Okazaki fragments | Series of segments that are 1000-2000 nucleotides long | 25 | |
| 8679915685 | DNA Ligase | joins the sugar phosphate backbones of all the Okazaki fragments into a continuous DNA strand | 26 | |
| 8679915686 | DNA pol III | Synthesizes new DNA strands by adding nucleotides to an RNA primer or a pre-existing DNA strand | 27 | |
| 8679915687 | DNA pol I | Removes RNA nucleotides of primer from 5' end and replaces them with DNA nucleotides | 28 | |
| 8679915688 | Mismatch repair | Other enzymes remove and replace incorrectly paired nucleotides that have resulted from replication errors | 29 | |
| 8679915689 | Nuclease | DNA cutting enzyme that cuts out the damaged parts of the strand and fills the space with nucleotides using the undamaged strand as a template | 30 | |
| 8679915690 | Nucleotide excision repair | DNA repair system where teams of enzymes detect and repair the DNA, the nuclease cuts out the damaged DNA and removes it, fills in the missing nucleotides and the DNA ligase seals the free end of the new DNA to the old DNA making the strand complete | 31 | |
| 8679915691 | Telomeres | Special nucleotide sequences at the ends of chromosomes TTAGGG is repeated between 100-1000 times Prevent the staggered ends of daughter molecule from activitating cell's system for monitoring DNA damage | 32 | |
| 8679915692 | Telomerase | Enzyme that catalyzes the lengthening of telomeres in eukaryotic germ cells and restores the original length and compensating for the shortening that occurs during DNA replication | 33 | |
| 8679915693 | Histones | Proteins that are responsible for the first level of DNA packing in chromatin |  | 34 |
| 8679915694 | Nucleosome | the basic unit of DNA packing | 35 | |
| 8679915695 | Chromatin | complex of DNA and protein | 36 | |
| 8679915696 | Heterochromatin | centromeres and telomeres exist in a highly condensed state with visible irregular clumps making it largely inaccessible | 37 | |
| 8679915697 | Euchromatin | centromeres and telomeres exist in a less compacted state that is very accessible ("true chromatin") | 38 |
