Campbell AP Biology Chapter 16
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| 6815212082 | Bacteriophages | Bacteria- infecting viruses | 0 | |
| 6815212083 | Double helix | Twisted shape of DNA | 1 | |
| 6815212084 | Semi conservative model | Early model of DNA replication | 2 | |
| 6815212085 | Origins of replication | Where DNA begins to replicate | 3 | |
| 6815212086 | Replication fork | Y- shaped region where DNA unzips | 4 | |
| 6815212087 | Helicases | Enzymes that untwist DNA | 5 | |
| 6815212088 | Single strand binding proteins | stabilize single strands of DNA | 6 | |
| 6815212089 | Topoisomerase | Breaks, swells, and rejoins DNA strands | 7 | |
| 6815212090 | Primer | RNA chain that starts replication | 8 | |
| 6815212091 | Primase | Enzyme that synthesizes primers | 9 | |
| 6815212092 | DNA polymerases | Enzymes that catalyze the replication of DNA | 10 | |
| 6815212093 | Leading strand | New DNA strand | 11 | |
| 6815212094 | Okazaki fragments | Segments of the lagging strand | 12 | |
| 6815212095 | DNA ligase | Turns the fragments into DNA strands | 13 | |
| 6815212096 | Mismatch repair | Enzymes automatically correct DNA errors | 14 | |
| 6815212097 | Nuclease | Damaged segment of DNA strand | 15 | |
| 6815212098 | Nucleotide excision repair | Repairs DNA | 16 | |
| 6815212099 | Telomeres | DNA at the tips of chromosomes | 17 | |
| 6815212100 | Telomerase | An enzyme that catalyzes the lengthening of telomeres | 18 | |
| 6815212101 | Nucleoid | A dense region of DNA in a prokaryotic cell | 19 | |
| 6815212102 | Chromatin | DNA and protein that makes up chromosomes | 20 | |
| 6815212103 | Heterochromatin | DNA that is densely packed around histones; the genes in heterochromatin are generally inaccessible to enzymes and are turned off | 21 | |
| 6815212104 | Euchromatin | The less condensed form of eukaryotic chromatin that is available for transcription | 22 | |
| 6815212105 | DNA replication | the process of making a copy of the DNA | 23 | |
| 6815212106 | Histones | the proteins in eukaryotic chromosomes used for packaging DNA | 24 | |
| 6815212107 | Lagging strand | DNA being elongated away from the replication fork discontinuously in Okazaki fragments | 25 | |
| 6815212108 | Nucleotide | subunit of DNA made of deoxyribose, phosphate, and nitrogenous base | 26 | |
| 6815212109 | Nucleosome | basic unit of DNA packing | 27 | |
| 6815212110 | Transformation | the uptake of DNA from the environment ny a prokaryote | 28 | |
| 6815212111 | Virus | "An infectious particle composed of a protein capsule and a nucleic acid core, which is dependent on a host organism for replication" | 29 | |
| 6815212145 | A Site (aminoacyl-tRNA site) | holds tRNA carrying next AA to be added in chain | 30 | |
| 6815212146 | E Site (exit site) | where discharged tRNAs leave ribosome | 31 | |
| 6815212147 | Polyribosomes | -strings of ribosomes trailing along mRNA -enables cells to make many copies of polypeptide quickly |  | 32 |
| 6815212148 | Signal Peptide | -targets protein to ER -marks if polypeptide of proteins destined for endomembrane system or for secretion | 33 | |
| 6815212149 | Signal Recognition Particle (SRP) | brings ribosome to receptor protein into ER membrane | 34 | |
| 6815212150 | Signal Mechanism for Targeting Proteins to ER | 1. polypeptide synthesis begins on free ribosome in cytosol 2. SRP binds to signal peptide, halting synthesis momentarily 3. SRP binds to receptor proteins in ER membrane (receptor is part of protein complex w/ membrane and signal cleaving enzyme) 4. SRP leaves, and polypeptide synthesis resumes w/ simultaneous translocation across membrane (signal peptide stays attached to translocation complex) 5. signal cleaving enzyme cuts off signal peptide 6. rest of complexed polypeptide leaves ribosome and folds into final conformation | 35 | |
| 6815212151 | Mutations | -change into genetic information of cell -responsible for huge diversity of genes found along organisms | 36 | |
| 6815212152 | Point Mutations | -chemical changes in a single base pair of a gene -if occurs in a gamete, can be transmitted to offspring and future generations | 37 | |
| 6815212153 | Missense Mutations | -change one amino acid to another -new amino acid may have properties similar to replaced amino acid, or may be in region where exact sequence of amino acids not essential to proteins functions | 38 | |
| 6815212154 | Nonsense Mutation | -change codon for amino acid into stop codon -causes translation to be terminated prematurely -resulting polypeptide shorter than polypeptide encoded by normal gene | 39 | |
| 6815212155 | Insertions | additions of nucleotide pairs in gene | 40 | |
| 6815212156 | Deletion | losses of nucleotide pairs in gene | 41 | |
| 6815212157 | Frameshift Mutations | -# nucleotides inserted/deleted NOT multiple of 3 -may alter reading frame of genetic message | 42 | |
| 6815212158 | Mutagen | physical and chemical agents that interact w/ DNA that cause mutations | 43 | |
| 6815212159 | rRNA | makes up 60% of the ribosome; site of protein synthesis | 44 | |
| 6815212160 | RNAi | Interference RNA | 45 | |
| 6815212161 | ribozyme | RNA molecule that functions as an enzyme | 46 | |
| 6815212162 | substitution | when one base is place where another belongs, a C replaces an A | 47 | |
| 6815212163 | silent mutation | a mutation that occurs in a noncoding region of the chromosome | 48 |
