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| 3433547093 | Gene expression | the process by which information encoded in DNA directs the synthesis of proteins or in some cases, RNAs tat are not translated into proteins and instead function as RNA | 0 | |
| 3446820820 | Archibald Garrold | suggested that genes dictate phenotypes through enzymes that catalyze specific chemical reactions in the cell-- inherited diseases reflect a person's inability to make a specific enzyme | 1 | |
| 3447186715 | Beadle and Edward Tatum | bombarded bread mold (Neurospora) with X-rays to cause genetic changes and then looked at the survivors for mutants | 2 | |
| 3447215271 | Adrian Srb and Horman Horowitz | expanded off of Beadle and Tatum's experiment. They carried out additional tests after pinning down each mutants defect to distinguish among three classes of arginine-requiring mutants | 3 | |
| 3447239519 | one gene-one enzyme hypothesis -- later evolved to one gene-one polypeptide hypothesis | states that the function of a gene is to dictate the production of a specific enzyme | 4 | |
| 3433555958 | transcription | the synthesis of RNA using a DNA template | 5 | |
| 3433559082 | messenger RNA (mRNA) | a type of RNA, synthesized using a DNA template that attaches to ribosomes in the cytoplasm and specifies that primary structure of a protein | 6 | |
| 3433562095 | translation | the synthesis of a polypeptide using the genetic information encoded in a mRNA molecule. There is a change of "language" from nucleotides to amino acids | 7 | |
| 3433569265 | primary transcript | an initial RNA transcript from any gene; also called pre-mRNA when transcribed from a protein-coding gene | 8 | |
| 3447433293 | central dogma | cells are governed by a molecular chain of command with directional flow of genetic information |  | 9 |
| 3433573410 | triplet code | a genetic information system in which a set of three nucleotide long words specify the amino acids for polypeptide chain | 10 | |
| 3433576763 | template strand | the DNA strand that provides the pattern, or template, for ordering, by complementary base pairing, the sequence of nucleotides in an RNA transcript | 11 | |
| 3433579656 | codons | a three-nucleotide sequence of DNA or mRNA that specifies a particular amino acid or termination signal; the basic unit of the genetic code | 12 | |
| 3433583778 | reading frame | on an mRNA, the triplet grouping of ribonucleotides used by the translation machinery during polypeptide synthesis | 13 | |
| 3433588882 | promoter | a specific nucleotide sequence in the DNA of a gene that binds RNA polymerase, positioning it to start transcribing RNA at the appropriate place | 14 | |
| 3433592395 | terminator | in bacteria, a sequence of nucleotides in DNA that marks the end of a gene and signals RNA polymerase to release the newly made RNA molecule and detach from the DNA | 15 | |
| 3433596515 | transcription unit | a region of DNA that is transcribed into an RNA molecule | 16 | |
| 3433598009 | start point | in transcription, the nucleotide position on the promoter where RNA polymerase begins synthesis of RNA | 17 | |
| 3433602797 | transcription factor | a regulatory protein that binds to DNA and affects transcription of specific genes | 18 | |
| 3433606632 | transcription initiation complex | the completed assembly of transcription factors and RNA polymerase bound to a promoter | 19 | |
| 3433608649 | TATA box | a DNA sequence in eukaryotic promoters crucial in forming the transcription initiation complex | 20 | |
| 3453191523 | polyadenylation signal sequence | a sequence that the RNA polymerase II codes for (AAUAAA) in the pre-mRNA which calls for the releasing of the RNA transcript | 21 | |
| 3433611429 | RNA processing | Modification of RNA primary transcripts, including splicing out of introns, joining together of exon and alteration of 5' and 3' ends | 22 | |
| 3433614433 | 5' cap | a modified form of guanine nucleotide added onto the 5' end of a pre-mRNA molecule | 23 | |
| 3433616878 | poly-A tail | a sequence of adenine nucleotides added onto the 3' end of a pre-mRNA molecule | 24 | |
| 3433620380 | RNA splicing | after synthesis of a eukaryotic primary RNA transcript, the removal of portions of the transcript (introns) that will not be included in the mRNA and the joint together of the remaining portions (exons) | 25 | |
| 3433624137 | introns | a non-coding, intervening sequence within a primary transcript that is removed from the transcript during RNA processing; also refers to the region of DNA from which this sequence was transcribed | 26 | |
| 3433628569 | exons | a sequence within a primary transcript that remains in the RNA after RNA processing; also refers to the region of DNA from which this sequence was transcribed | 27 | |
| 3433632850 | spliceosome | a large complex made up of proteins and RNA molecules that splices RNA by interacting with the ends of an RNA introns, releasing the intron and joining the two adjacent eons | 28 | |
| 3433636717 | ribozymes | an RNA molecule that functions as an enzyme, such as an intron that catalyzes its own removal during RNA splicing | 29 | |
| 3433639727 | alternate RNA splicing | a type of eukaryotic gene regulation at the RNA processing level in which different mRNA molecules are produced from the same primary transcript, depending on which RNA segments are treated as eons and which as introns | 30 | |
| 3433644551 | domains | (1) a taxonomic category above the kingdom level. The three domains are Archaea, Bacteria and Eukarya (2) a discrete structural and functional region of a protein | 31 | |
| 3433649514 | transfer RNA | an RNA molecule that functions as a translator between nucleic acid and protein languages by carrying specific amino acids to the ribosome, where they recognize the appropriate codons in the mRNA | 32 | |
| 3433654505 | anticodon | a nucleotide triplet at one end of a tRNA molecule that base-pairs with a particular complementary codon on an mRNA molecule | 33 | |
| 3433657763 | aminoacyl-tRNA synthetase | an enzyme that joins each amino acid to the appropriate tRNA | 34 | |
| 3433659692 | wobble | flexibility in the base pairing rules | 35 | |
| 3433661565 | ribosomal RNA (rRNA) | RNA molecule that, together with proteins, make up ribosomes; the most abundant type of RNA | 36 | |
| 3433663958 | P site | one of a ribosome's three binding sites for tRNA during translation. It holds the tRNA carrying the growing polypeptide chain | 37 | |
| 3433663959 | A site | one of a ribosome's three binding sites for tRNA during translation. It holds the tRA carrying the next amino acid to be added to the polypeptide chain | 38 | |
| 3433663960 | E site | one of a ribosome's three binding sites for tRNA during translation. It is where the discharged tRNAs leave the ribosome | 39 | |
| 3433673414 | polyribosomes | a group of several ribosomes attached to, and translating, the same messenger RNA molecule | 40 | |
| 3433684008 | signal peptide | a sequence of about 20 AA at or near the leading amino end of a polypeptide that targets it to the ER or there organelles in a eukaryotic cell | 41 | |
| 3433679632 | signal-recognition particle | a protein-RNA complex that recognizes a signal peptide as it emerges from a ribosome and helps direct the ribosome to the ER by binding to a receptor protein in it (ER) | 42 | |
| 3433687636 | mutations | a change in the nucleotide sequence of an organism's DNA or in the DNA or RNA of a virus | 43 | |
| 3433690087 | point mutations | a change in a single nucleotide pair of a gene | 44 | |
| 3433692306 | nucleotide pair substitution | a type of point mutation in which one nucleotide in a DNA strand and its partner in the complementary strand are replaced by another pair of nucleotides | 45 | |
| 3433695447 | silent mutation | a nucleotide pair substitution that has no observable effect on the phenotype | 46 | |
| 3433699538 | missense mutation | a nucleotide pair substitution that results in a codon that codes for a different amino acid | 47 | |
| 3433701986 | nonsense mutation | a mutation that changes an amino acid codon to one of the three stop codons, resulting in a shorter and unsally nonfunctional protein | 48 | |
| 3433704263 | insertions | a mutation involving the addition of 1+ nucleotide pairs to a gene | 49 | |
| 3433706540 | deletion | a mutational loss of 1+ nucleotide pairs of a gene | 50 | |
| 3433711012 | frameshift mutation | a mutation occurring when nucleotides are inserted in or deleted from a gene and the number inserted or deleted is not a multiple of 3, resulting in the improper grouping of the subsequent nucleotides into codons | 51 | |
| 3433714598 | mutagens | a chemical or physical agent that interacts with DNA and can cause a mutation | 52 |
