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| 620180591 | In prokaryotes genes can come in one of two forms... | Inducible and repressible | |
| 620180592 | Inducible regulation | Gene is "OFF" and gets turned "ON" | |
| 620180593 | Repressible regulation | Gene is "ON" and gets turned "OFF" | |
| 620180594 | Why does bacteria need to stop production of certain genes? STOP | Their environment requires them to respond quickly to changes in their environment. If they have enough a product, they need to stop production, because IT IS A WASTE OF ENERGY TO MAKE MORE. | |
| 620180595 | How does it stop production of certain proteins? STOP | It stops production of certain enzymes for synthesis | |
| 620180596 | Why does a bacteria need to utilize new food sources quickly? GO | metabolism, growth and reproduction | |
| 620180597 | How do they utilize it...? GO | start production of enzymes for digestion | |
| 620180598 | How do cells vary the amount of specific enzymes? | by regulating gene transcription | |
| 620180599 | Turn genes OFF example | enough tryptophan means it doesnt need to make more enzymes to build up tryptofan. | |
| 620180600 | Turn genes ON example | if bacterium encounters new sugar source, like lactose, it needs to start making enzymes to digest lactose. | |
| 620180601 | What is an Operon? | genes in BACTERIA ONLY that are grouped together with related functions; controls gene refulation; mad up of promoter, operator and genes. | |
| 620180602 | What is a promoter? | It is where the RNA polymerase binds to operon in order to begin transcription | |
| 620180603 | Operator | Where a repressor protein binds to operon to inhibit RNA polymerase | |
| 620180604 | How does a repressor protein work? | By attacking to the operator and blocking RNA polymerase so the gene is not transcribed. DETAILED: In excess, the repressor protein complex binds to the repressor protein which then binds to the operator to block RNA. | |
| 620180605 | What are regulatory genes? | genes that produce repressor substances that inhibit an operator gene | |
| 620180606 | How do inducible operons work? | In the presence of a protein, such as lac protein, it binds to repressor that is already on the operator causing the repressor to come off and allowing RNA pol to bind and transcribe DNA to make lactose digesting enzymes. (Lactose is an alloseric regulator of repressor proteins) | |
| 620180607 | Repressible operons are mostly... | anabolic; building things up; synthesizing end products | |
| 620180608 | Inducible operons are mostly | catabolic; breaking things down; digesting nutrients to simpler molecules | |
| 620180609 | Eukaryotes | multicellular; bacteria-dont have nucleus so transcription and translation happen at same time-can only regulate transcription. In Eukaryote-more points to stop gen from making protein | |
| 620180610 | Eukaryote | a LOT MORE POINTS OF CONTROLL | |
| 620180611 | DNA packing | DNA coiling and folding; double helix; histones; nucleosomes; you can regulate how tight the genes are wrapped. t | |
| 620180612 | heterochromatin | tightly wound DNA that cannot be transcribed because it is "DARK" or cannot be seen; tightly wound around histones so genes are turned "OFF" | |
| 620180613 | Euchromatin | loosely wound DNA that can be transcribed; LIGHTER DNA; genes turned "ON" | |
| 620180614 | Methylation | turns genes off; methyl group attaches to cytosine of double helix and turns of genes nearly permanently | |
| 620180615 | acytlation | the binding of acetyl groups to histone tails, loosening them for transcription to occur | |
| 620180616 | Euchromatin can be shut down by other ways... | all activator genes and enhancer genes must work to make gene transcribe | |
| 620180617 | Controll at mRNA level (splicesomes) | how splicesomes work; snrps; how it cuts mRNA causes different products; different sequences are treated as exons and introns | |
| 620180618 | Post-transcriptionally | mRNA gets 5 prime cap and poly A tail which tells how long it will last in cytoplasm; controlls how long protein can be made by adding different lengths of tails to it | |
| 620180619 | RNA interference | siRNA and RNAi=death tag mRNA that cuts up mRNA molecules so transcription cannot happen; causes gene silencing | |
| 620180620 | Control of translation | initiation blocker that stops mRNA from binding | |
| 620180621 | Protein processing and degradation | must be folded right and tagged right; Ubiquitin and proteosomes | |
| 620180622 | ubiquitin | death tag for proteins; labels protein for destruction | |
| 620180623 | proteosomes | where proteins tagged with ubiquitin are destroyed; A PLACE; parts are recycled and used again | |
| 620180624 | genomic imprinting | The passing down of methylation patterns; tissue keeps a chemical record during embryonic development which regulates expression of paternal or maternal alleles. | |
| 620180625 | epigenetic inheritance | traits transmitted by mechonisms not directly involved in neuclotide sequence. Enzymes that can modify chromatin | |
| 620180626 | enhancer | a segment of eukaryotic DNA containing multiple control elements, usually located far from the gene whose transcription it regulates | |
| 620180627 | activator | a transcription factor that binds to an enhancerand stimulates transcription of a gene | |
| 620180628 | prophage | Viral DNA incorporated into host DNA is referred to as a "prophage." | |
| 620180629 | In lysogenic cycle... | viral DNA is replicated along with host DNA | |
| 620180630 | Integration of viral DNA into host DNA is an early stage of the | lysogenic cycle. | |
| 620180631 | transition from lysogenic to lytic cycle... | Phage DNA has exited the bacterial chromosome as a prelude to taking over the host's metabolic machinery. | |
| 620180632 | As a result of the lytic cycle | host cell's DNA is destroyed | |
| 620180633 | what binds to receptor molecules in host cells? | Glycoproteins on the viral envelope recognize and bind to receptors on the host cell. | |
| 620180634 | what is the source of the viral envelope | the host cells cell membrane | |
| 620180635 | How to make DNA from RNA? | reverse transcriptase catalyzes the formation of DNA from an RNA template. | |
| 620180636 | Double-stranded viral DNA is incorporated into a host cell as a _____ | Provirus | |
| 620180637 | retrovirus' | transcribe RNA to DNA using reverse transcriptase. (leads to more mutations due to no "spellcheck" |
