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| 6818778814 | Recombinant DNA | DNA molecules formed when segments of DNA from 2 different sources (often different species) are combined in vitro (in a test tube) | 0 | |
| 6818778815 | Biotechnology | Manipulation of organisms or their components to make useful products | 1 | |
| 6818778816 | Genetic Engineering | Direct manipulation of genes for practical purposes | 2 | |
| 6818778817 | Plasmid | Small circular DNA molecules that replicate separately from the bacterial chromosome | 3 | |
| 6818778818 | Gene cloning | Production of multiple copies of a single gene | 4 | |
| 6818778819 | Restriction Enzymes | Also called restriction endonucleases Protect bacterial cell by cutting up foreign DNA | 5 | |
| 6818778820 | Restriction Site | A particular short DNA sequence that restriction enzymes recognize and cut at precise points | 6 | |
| 6818778821 | Restriction fragments | A set of DNA pieces that result from restriction enzyme activity | 7 | |
| 6818778822 | Sticky end | At least one end of a DNA fragment is longer than another |  | 8 |
| 6818778823 | DNA Ligase | Enzymes that catalyze the formation of covalent bonds that close up the sugar-phosphate backbone | 9 | |
| 6818778824 | Cloning vector | A DNA molecule that can carry foreign DNA into a host cell and replicate there (the original plasmid) | 10 | |
| 6818778825 | Genomic Library | A complete set of plasmid-containing cell clones, each carrying copies of a particular segment from the initial genome | 11 | |
| 6818778826 | Bacterial Artificial Chromosome (BAC) | Large plasmids, trimmed down so that they just contain the genes necessary to ensure replication Very large insert size | 12 | |
| 6818778827 | Complementary DNA (cDNA) | Double stranded DNA resulting from reverse transcriptase acting on mRNA | 13 | |
| 6818778828 | Nucleic Acid Hybridization | A technique in which single-stranded nucleic acids (DNA or RNA) are allowed to interact so that complexes called hybrids are formed by molecules with similar, complementary sequences. |  | 14 |
| 6818778829 | Nucleic Acid Probe | Single stranded RNA or DNA molecules used in nucleic acid hybridization | 15 | |
| 6818778830 | Expression Vector | A cloning vector that contains a highly active bacterial promoter just upstream of a restriction site where the eukaryotic gene cab be inserted in the correct reading frame Allows the synth. of many eukaryotic proteins in bacterial cells | 16 | |
| 6818778832 | Electroporation | A brief electrical pulse applied to a solution containing cells to create temporary holes in their plasma membranes (to insert DNA) | 17 | |
| 6818778833 | Polymerase Chain Reaction | A quick, selective technique used to quickly amplify a specific target DNA segment Heated to denature DNA Cooled to allow annealing (hydrogen bonding) of short, single stranded DNA primers complementary to sequences on opposite strands at each of the target sequence A heat-stable DNA polymerase extends primers in 5' to 3' direction | 18 | |
| 6818778834 | Gel Electrophoresis | A technique that uses a polymer (agarose) gel to separate nucleic acids or proteins on the basis of size, electrical charge, or other physical properties DNA starts at black cathode (negative end) and travels to red anode (positive end) | 19 | |
| 6818778835 | Restriction Fragment Length Polymorphism | A type of sequence seen after electrophoresis |  | 20 |
| 6818778836 | Southern Blotting | Combines gel electrophoresis and nucleic acid hybridization to allow detection of bands that include parts of the Beta-globin gene |  | 21 |
| 6818778837 | Northern Blotting | ? Uses mRNA instead of DNA |  | 22 |
| 6818778838 | Reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction | Quicker and more sensitive than Northern blotting | 23 | |
| 6818778839 | In Situ hybridization | Track down location of specific mRNAs using labeled probles in place (in situ) in the intact irganism | 24 | |
| 6818778840 | DNA Microarray Assays | Tiny amounts of a large number of single-stranded DNA fragment representing different genes fixed to a glass slide in a tightly spaced grid (array) | 25 | |
| 6818778841 | In Vitro Mutagenesis | Specific mutations are introduced into a cloned gene, and then the mutated gene is returned to a cell Mutated gene disables the normal cellular copes of the same gene to alter or destroy the function of the gene product | 26 | |
| 6818778842 | Genome-Wide association studies | Analysis of the genomes of large numbers of people with a certain phenotypic condition/disease | 27 | |
| 6818778844 | Totipotent | A mature cell of an organism that can dedifferentiate and has the potential to give rise to all the specialized cell types of the organism | 28 | |
| 6818778846 | Stem Cell | A relatively unspecialized cell that can both reproduce itself indefinitely and (under appropriate conditions) differentiate into specialized cells of one or more types Embryonic Stem cells - Many cell types (pluripotent) Adult Stem (marrow) cells - Limited | 29 | |
| 6818778850 | Short Tandem Repeats | Variations in length of genetic markers | 30 | |
| 6818795115 | Bioinformatics | application of mathematics and computer science to store, retrieve, and analyze biological data | 31 | |
| 6818798402 | Evo-devo | the research field that combines evolutionary biology with developmental biology | 32 | |
| 6818803353 | Genomics | study of whole genomes, including genes and their functions | 33 | |
| 6818807385 | Human Genome Project | An international collaborative effort to map and sequence the DNA of the entire human genome. | 34 | |
| 6818808711 | Homeobox | genes that define the head-to-tail pattern of development in animal embryos | 35 | |
| 6818810591 | Linkage map | A genetic map based on recombination frequencies. | 36 | |
| 6818812610 | Metagenomics | The genetic analysis of an entire "community" of microbes including the mass of microbes that cannot be cultured | 37 | |
| 6818814916 | Multigene families | collections of identical or very similar genes | 38 | |
| 6818816584 | Pseudogenes | DNA segments very similar to real genes but which do not yield functional products. | 39 | |
| 6818818886 | Pluripotent | Able to give rise to multiple, but not all, cell types. | 40 | |
| 6818821363 | Proteomics | the study of whole sets of proteins and their interactions | 41 | |
| 6818823047 | Physical map | A genetic map in which the actual physical distances between genes or other genetic markers are expressed, usually as the number of base pairs along the DNA. | 42 | |
| 6818827495 | Repetitive DNA | Nucleotide sequences that are present in many copies in the DNA of a genome. The repeated sequences may be long or short and may be located next to each other (tandomly) or dispersed in the DNA. | 43 | |
| 6818830379 | Transposable elements | These are stretches of DNA that can move from one location to another within the genome. | 44 | |
| 6818832207 | Transposons | jumping genes | 45 | |
| 6818835693 | RNA interference (RNAi) | RNA regulated mechanism to control gene expression | 46 | |
| 6818845224 | Single nucleotide polymorphism | variation in a DNA sequence occurring when a single nucleotide in a genome is altered | 47 |
