Campbell & Reece 8th ed. of AP Biology, 2011-2012
Terms : Hide Images
| 638906430 | recombinant DNA | 2 strands of DNA engineered to mesh together to make a new strand | |
| 638906431 | biotechnology | manipulation of organisms or their components to make useful products | |
| 638906432 | genetic engineering | the direct manipulation of genes for practical purposes | |
| 638906433 | plasmid | circular DNA that replicates separately from the bacterial chromosome | |
| 638906434 | gene cloning | making multiple copies of a single gene | |
| 638906435 | restriction enzymes | they snip sugar phosphate backbones to create "sticky ends" | |
| 638906436 | restriction site | the specific cutting site of a plasmid | |
| 638906437 | restriction fragment | a DNA segment that results from the cutting of a restriction enzyme | |
| 638906438 | sticky end | the end off of a restriction fragment | |
| 638906439 | DNA ligase | glues restriction fragments together | |
| 638906440 | cloning vector | A gene carrier/plasmid that transfers DNA from a foreign cell or test tube to another cell | |
| 638906441 | genomic library | a complete set of plasmid-carrying cell clones, each carrying copies of a particular segment from the initial genome | |
| 638906442 | bacterial artificial chromosome (BAC) | another type of vector; allows for easier replication/manipulation as the number of genes is reduced to a smaller size | |
| 638906443 | complementary DNA (cDNA) | a complementary, single-stranded, DNA molecule to another mRNA or DNA; composed by mRNA via reverse transcriptase | |
| 638906444 | cDNA library | a collection of cDNAs | |
| 638906445 | nucleic acid hybridization | the process of detecting a certain gene by adding a radioactive probe composed of complementary nucleotides | |
| 638906446 | nucleic acid probe | an artificially synthesized nucleotide complement used in nucleic acid hybridization | |
| 638906447 | expression vector | allows a cloned eukaryotic gene to function in a bacterial host; a cloning vector that contains a highly active bacterial promoter upstream of a restriction site where the eukaryotic gene can be inserted into the correct reading frame | |
| 638906448 | yeast artificial chromosome (YAC) | essentials of a eukaryotic chromosome (DNA origin of replication, centromere, and 2 telomeres) inserted with foreign DNA to help a eukaryotic gene function | |
| 638906449 | electroporation | the act of sending an electric pulse to a cell in membrane saturated solution to allow DNA to enter | |
| 638906450 | polymerase chain reaction (PCR) | the act of amplifying a target DNA sequence; consists of denaturation, cooling with primers, and the DNA pol adding of nucleotides | |
| 638906451 | gel electrophoresis | the process of separating nucleic acids/proteins based on size, electrical charge, and other physical properties | |
| 638906452 | southern blotting | a process involving both gel electrophoresis and nucleic acid hybridization to detect a specific nucleotide sequence of a specific gene on DNA | |
| 638906453 | northern blotting | a process involving both gel electrophoresis and nucleic acid hybridization to detect a specific nucleotide sequence of a specific gene on mRNA | |
| 638906454 | reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) | a process using cDNA, PCR, and gel electrophoresis to compare gene expression between samples | |
| 638906455 | in situ hybridization | usage of placing probes in an organism with fluorescent dyes to determine which tissues/cells are expressing certain genes | |
| 638906456 | DNA microarray assay | a collection of many small, single-stranded DNA fragments in a glass slide that would ideally represent all genes of an organism | |
| 638906457 | in vitro mutagenesis | the process of determining the function of a gene by disabling it via mutation | |
| 638906458 | RNA interference (RNAi) | a synthetic, double-stranded RNA acting as a sequence of a particular gene to block translation of a specific protein | |
| 638906459 | totipotent | describes a cell that can dedifferentiate | |
| 638906460 | nuclear transplantation | the process of transplanting a nucleus from a differentiated cell into an unfertilized/fertilized egg | |
| 638906461 | pluripotent | the capability of differentiating into different cell types | |
| 638906462 | stem cell | an unspecialized cell that can reproduce indefinitely and differentiate into specialized cells of one or more types | |
| 638906463 | single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) | where a single base pair site is varied | |
| 638906464 | restriction fragment length polymorphism (RFLP) | an SNP that exists on the restriction site for a particular enzyme making it unrecognizable causing different restriction fragments to show during gel electrophoresis | |
| 638906465 | gene therapy | introducing genes into an afflicted individual for therapeutic purposes | |
| 638906466 | transgenic | an organism that has genes from another organism of the same or different species | |
| 638906467 | genetic profile | an individual's set of unique genetic markers | |
| 638906468 | short tandem repeats (STRs) | tandemly repeated 2-5 base sequences in specific regions of the genome | |
| 638906469 | Ti plasmid | a plasmid of tumor-inducing bacterium that integrates its T DNA into a chromosome of a host plant; used in genetic (plant) engineering) | |
| 638906470 | genetically modified (GM) organisms | an organism that has artificially acquired one or more genes from another of the same or different species |
