Campbell & Reece 8th ed. of AP Biology, 2011-2012
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| 29692986 | recombinant DNA | 2 strands of DNA engineered to mesh together to make a new strand | 0 | |
| 29692988 | biotechnology | manipulation of organisms or their components to make useful products | 1 | |
| 29692989 | genetic engineering | the direct manipulation of genes for practical purposes | 2 | |
| 29692996 | plasmid | circular DNA that replicates separately from the bacterial chromosome | 3 | |
| 29692997 | gene cloning | making multiple copies of a single gene | 4 | |
| 29692998 | restriction enzymes | they snip sugar phosphate backbones to create "sticky ends" | 5 | |
| 29692999 | restriction site | the specific cutting site of a plasmid | 6 | |
| 29693001 | restriction fragment | a DNA segment that results from the cutting of a restriction enzyme | 7 | |
| 29693002 | sticky end | the end off of a restriction fragment | 8 | |
| 29693003 | DNA ligase | glues restriction fragments together | 9 | |
| 29693006 | cloning vector | A gene carrier/plasmid that transfers DNA from a foreign cell or test tube to another cell | 10 | |
| 29693007 | genomic library | a complete set of plasmid-carrying cell clones, each carrying copies of a particular segment from the initial genome | 11 | |
| 29693009 | bacterial artificial chromosome (BAC) | another type of vector; allows for easier replication/manipulation as the number of genes is reduced to a smaller size | 12 | |
| 29693010 | complementary DNA (cDNA) | a complementary, single-stranded, DNA molecule to another mRNA or DNA; composed by mRNA via reverse transcriptase | 13 | |
| 29693011 | cDNA library | a collection of cDNAs | 14 | |
| 29693016 | nucleic acid hybridization | the process of detecting a certain gene by adding a radioactive probe composed of complementary nucleotides | 15 | |
| 29693017 | nucleic acid probe | an artificially synthesized nucleotide complement used in nucleic acid hybridization | 16 | |
| 29693018 | expression vector | allows a cloned eukaryotic gene to function in a bacterial host; a cloning vector that contains a highly active bacterial promoter upstream of a restriction site where the eukaryotic gene can be inserted into the correct reading frame | 17 | |
| 29693019 | yeast artificial chromosome (YAC) | essentials of a eukaryotic chromosome (DNA origin of replication, centromere, and 2 telomeres) inserted with foreign DNA to help a eukaryotic gene function | 18 | |
| 29693021 | electroporation | the act of sending an electric pulse to a cell in membrane saturated solution to allow DNA to enter | 19 | |
| 29693022 | polymerase chain reaction (PCR) | the act of amplifying a target DNA sequence; consists of denaturation, cooling with primers, and the DNA pol adding of nucleotides | 20 | |
| 29693024 | gel electrophoresis | the process of separating nucleic acids/proteins based on size, electrical charge, and other physical properties | 21 | |
| 29693026 | southern blotting | a process involving both gel electrophoresis and nucleic acid hybridization to detect a specific nucleotide sequence of a specific gene on DNA | 22 | |
| 29693027 | northern blotting | a process involving both gel electrophoresis and nucleic acid hybridization to detect a specific nucleotide sequence of a specific gene on mRNA | 23 | |
| 29693032 | reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) | a process using cDNA, PCR, and gel electrophoresis to compare gene expression between samples | 24 | |
| 29693033 | in situ hybridization | usage of placing probes in an organism with fluorescent dyes to determine which tissues/cells are expressing certain genes | 25 | |
| 29693034 | DNA microarray assay | a collection of many small, single-stranded DNA fragments in a glass slide that would ideally represent all genes of an organism | 26 | |
| 29693035 | in vitro mutagenesis | the process of determining the function of a gene by disabling it via mutation | 27 | |
| 29693036 | RNA interference (RNAi) | a synthetic, double-stranded RNA acting as a sequence of a particular gene to block translation of a specific protein | 28 | |
| 29693037 | totipotent | describes a cell that can dedifferentiate | 29 | |
| 29693038 | nuclear transplantation | the process of transplanting a nucleus from a differentiated cell into an unfertilized/fertilized egg | 30 | |
| 29693039 | pluripotent | the capability of differentiating into different cell types | 31 | |
| 29693040 | stem cell | an unspecialized cell that can reproduce indefinitely and differentiate into specialized cells of one or more types | 32 | |
| 29693041 | single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) | where a single base pair site is varied | 33 | |
| 29693043 | restriction fragment length polymorphism (RFLP) | an SNP that exists on the restriction site for a particular enzyme making it unrecognizable causing different restriction fragments to show during gel electrophoresis | 34 | |
| 29693048 | gene therapy | introducing genes into an afflicted individual for therapeutic purposes | 35 | |
| 29693050 | transgenic | an organism that has genes from another organism of the same or different species | 36 | |
| 29693051 | genetic profile | an individual's set of unique genetic markers | 37 | |
| 29693052 | short tandem repeats (STRs) | tandemly repeated 2-5 base sequences in specific regions of the genome | 38 | |
| 29693053 | Ti plasmid | a plasmid of tumor-inducing bacterium that integrates its T DNA into a chromosome of a host plant; used in genetic (plant) engineering) | 39 | |
| 29693055 | genetically modified (GM) organisms | an organism that has artificially acquired one or more genes from another of the same or different species | 40 |
