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| 8743896265 | recombinant DNA | A DNA molecule made in vitro with segments from different sources, example pGlo plasmid |  | 0 |
| 8743896266 | transgenic organism | AKA GMO, or genetically modified organism, its genome has been altered |  | 1 |
| 8743896268 | plasmid | A small ring of DNA that carries accessory genes separate from those of a bacterial chromosome; also found in some eukaryotes, such as yeast. |  | 2 |
| 8743896269 | gene cloning | The production of multiple copies of a gene, such as insulin or GFP |  | 3 |
| 8743896270 | restriction enzymes | A degradative enzyme that recognizes and cuts up DNA (including that of certain phages) that is foreign to a bacterium; an important tool in biotechnology |  | 4 |
| 8743896271 | restriction sites | A specific sequence on a DNA strand that is recognized as a cut site by a restriction enzyme. |  | 5 |
| 8743896272 | sticky end | A single-stranded end of a double-stranded DNA restriction fragment. |  | 6 |
| 8743896273 | DNA ligase | A linking enzyme essential for DNA replication; catalyzes the covalent bonding of the 3' end of a new DNA fragment to the 5' end of a growing chain; useful in forming recombinant DNA |  | 7 |
| 8743896274 | cloning vector | An agent used to transfer DNA in genetic engineering. A plasmid that moves recombinant DNA from a test tube back into a cell is an example of a cloning vector, as is a virus that transfers recombinant DNA by infection. |  | 8 |
| 8743896275 | complementary DNA | A DNA molecule made in vitro using mRNA as a template and the enzyme reverse transcriptase. this DNA molecule therefore corresponds to a gene, but lacks the introns present in the DNA of the genome. |  | 9 |
| 8743896278 | heat shock and calcium chloride | Two techniques used to encourage bacteria to take in recombinant DNA (plasmids). | 10 | |
| 8743896279 | polymerase chain reaction (PCR) | A technique for amplifying DNA in vitro by incubating with special primers, taq polymerase molecules, and nucleotides, goes through heating and cooling each round; can be used for paternity, minute soft tissue samples in fossils, genotype identification, crime scence etc |  | 11 |
| 8743896280 | gel electrophoresis | The separation of nucleic acids on the basis of their size and electrical charge, due to their different rate of movement through an electrical field in a gel. |  | 12 |
| 8743896281 | restriction fragment length polymorphism (RFLP) | Differences in DNA sequence on homologous chromosomes that result in different patterns of restriction fragment lengths (DNA segments resulting from treatment with restriction enzymes); could also distinguish between normal and sickle form of hemoglobin and get genotype of individual |  | 13 |
| 8743896289 | single-nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) | One base-pair variation in the genome sequence; useful as markers for diseases in the human population, ex for sickle form of hemoglobin |  | 14 |
| 8743896290 | reverse transcriptase | An enzyme encoded by some certain viruses (retroviruses) that uses RNA as a template for DNA synthesis. |  | 15 |
| 8743896291 | CRISPR-cas 9 | a system used by bacteria to defend against bacteriophage infections; used in genetic engineering to target and disable genes and thereby determine their function |  | 16 |
| 8743896295 | somatic cell nuclear transfer | used in organismal cloning; nucleus of a somatic cell replaces the nucleus of an enucleated egg |  | 17 |
| 8743896296 | epigenetic changes | methylation of DNA and histones and other types of chromatin modification that need to be reversed in reprogramming of a differentiated cell for organismal cloning to be successful |  | 18 |
| 9103024761 | primers | find specific sequences and anneal during PCR | 19 |
