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AP Biology Chapter 22 Flashcards

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5114466457On the Origin of SpeciesDarwin; many modern species are decendents of ancestral species; the mechanism for this evolutionary process is natural selection0
5114466458Natural SelectionA population can change over generations if individuals with certain heritable traits leave more offspring than others. Result=evolutionary adaptation.1
5114466459Evolutionary Adaptionthe accumulation of inherited characteristics that enhance an organisms ability to survive and reproduce in a specific enviroment.2
5114466460Evolutionchange over time in the genectic composition of a population, also refers to the gradual appearance of all biological diversity3
5114466461AristotleAll Living forms could be arranged on a scale, ladder of increasing complexity, later called the "scale of nature" Opposed any concept of evolution and viewed species as fixed and unchanging.4
5114466462Old TestamentSpecies were individually designed by God and perfect5
5114466463Carolus LinnaeusSwedish Physician and Botanist, founded taxonomy. Grouped similiar species into increasingly general catergories. Similarity between species did not imply evolution but pattern of creation.6
5114466464TaxonomyLinnaeus, a system for naming species and classifying species into a heirarchy of increasingly complex organisms. Kingdom, Phylum, Class, Order, Family, Genus, Species7
5114466465Binomial SystemLinnaeus, naming organisms according to genus and species8
5114466466Darwin's Influence by?Fossils, Remains, Traces of Organisms from Sedimentary Rocks9
5114466467Georges Cuvierdeveloped Paleontology; study of fossils. Documented in Paris Basin---> documented succession of fossil species and found extinction to be common.10
5114466468Who adopted Catastrophism?Cuvier------------> speculation that boundaries between strata were due to local floods or droughts that destroyed species. Eventually repopulated by species immigrating from unaffected areas.11
5114466469James HuttonGeology= Theory of Gradualism----> Geological changes took place slowly but its a continous process.12
5114466470Charles LyellTheory of Uniformiarinism, geological processes had not changed throughout Earth's history.13
5114466471Who had influence on DarwinHutton and Lyell= Geologic Events are slow than Earth must be older than 6,000 yrs old estimated from Bible. Second, Gradualism can produce substantial change over long period of time.14
5114466472Jean Baptiste LamarckApplied Concept of Gradualism to Biological Evolution Proposed two mechanisms for Evolution..Use and Disuse, Inheritance of Acquired Characteristics. Thought that evolutionary change was driven by innate drive of organisms to increasing complexity.15
5114466473"Use and Disuse"Lamarck---------->Parts of the body that are used become larger and stronger whereas parts that are not used dissappear.16
5114466474Inheritance of Acquired CharacteristicsModifications acquired during ones lifetime can be passed to offspring. BIGGEST Mistake to contribution of Evolution. Larmarck17
5114466475Alfred Russel WallaceYoung Naturalist also developed Natural Selection Theory18
5114466476Descent with ModifcationAll organisms are related through descent from a common ancestor that lived in the remote past. Over evolutionary time, the descendants of that common ancestor develop modifications or adaptations that allow them to reproduce in specific habitats.19
5114466477Ernst Mayerdissected logic of Darwins Theory into three inferences based on five observations20
5114466478Observation 1Population size would increase---> organisms reproduced successfully21
5114466479Observation 2Populations tend to remain stable in size except for seasonal fluctuations.22
5114466480Observation 3Enviromental Resources are limited. Inference #1---Production of more individuals than enviroment can lead to struggle for existence with only fraction of offspring surviving.23
5114466481Observation 4Individuals of a population vary extensively in their characteristics. No two individuals are alike.24
5114466482Observation 5Much of this variation is heritable. Inference #2---Survival in the struggle for existence is not random but depends on inherited traits. Inference #3----This unequal ability of individuals to survive and reproduce will lead to a gradual change in population with favorable characteristics accumulating.25
5114466483Thomas Malthusinfluenced Darwin.."overproduction" Human Suffering--disease, famine, was the inescapable consequence of the potential for human populations to increase faster than food supplies and other resources.26
5114466484Differential Reproductive SuccessOrganisms with traits favored by the enviroment produce more offspring than do organisms without those traits--results in the favored traits being disproportionately represented in the next generation.27
5114466485Artificial Selectionmodifying a variety of domesticated plants and animals over many generations by selecting individuals with the desired traits as breeding stock.28
5114466486Darwins Main Idea 1Natural Selection is differential success in reproduction (unequal ability of individuals to survive and reproduce) results from individuals that vary in heritable traits and their enviroment.29
5114466487Darwins Main Idea 2The Product of Natural Selection is the Increasing adaptation of organisms to their enviroment.30
5114466488Darwins Main Idea 3If an enviroment changes over time, or if individuals of a species move to a new enviroment, Natural Selection may result in adaptation to the new conditions, sometimes giving rise to a new species in the process.31
5114466489Evolution Through Natural SelectionIndividuals do not Evolve---Natural Selection can act only on heritable traits, traits that are passed from organisms to their offspring (editing mechanism) it cannot create favorable traits It can only act on existing variation----A trait that is favorable in one enviroment may be useless or detrimental in another.32
5114466490John Endler & David ReznickGuppies, HIV33
5114466491HomologySimilarity in characteristic traits from common ancestry. Forelimbs in humans, cats, whales. All have different functions. Not obvious in adults but evident at embryonic development. Anatomical Similarites, Vestigial Organs, Genes and Protein, Genetic Code.34
5114466492Vestigial StructuresNo importance to organism, but had important functions in ancestors. Some are homologous structures.35
5114466493Analogous StructuresSimiliar Function but did not arise the same..wings in insects, wings in bird, wings in bat.36
5114466494BiogeographySpecies tend to be more closely related to other species from same area than to other species with the same way of life that live in different areas.37
5114466495Fossil RecordSuccession of Life Forms is consistent with Descent of Modification38

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