Hardy Weinberg and "Descent with Modification (Evolution)"
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| 279385778 | Mutation, gene flow, non-random mating, genetic drift, and selection | 5 Agents of evolutionary change | |
| 279385779 | population | localized group of interbreeding individuals, ex/ the marching band | |
| 279385780 | gene pool | collection of alleles in the population | |
| 279385781 | Alleles | alternative versions of a gene | |
| 279385782 | Genes | sequence of DNA that codes for a protein and thus determines a trait | |
| 279385783 | Allele Frequency | how common an allele is in a population; A vs a | |
| 279385784 | Evolution | Change in allele frequencies in a population | |
| 279385785 | large population size, no migration, no mutation, random mating, and no natural selection | What are the 5 factors that need to be evident in a "non-evolving population"? | |
| 279385786 | POPULATIONS EVOLVE | Since at least 1 of the 5 agents of evolutionary change are always evident in a population, you can conclude that.... | |
| 279385787 | Populations.....Individuals | _____ Evolve, _________ Do not evolve | |
| 279385788 | Hardy-Weinberg Equilibrium | condition that occurs when the frequency of alleles in a particular gene pool remain constant over time, occur only in a non-evolving population | |
| 279385789 | p + q = 1 p2 + 2pq + q2 = 1 | Two SUPER DUPER important Hardy-Weinberg equations that you must memorize!!!!!! | |
| 279385790 | the frequency of the dominant allele in a population | In hardy-weinberg problems, what is p? | |
| 279385791 | the frequency of a recessive allele in a population | In hardy-weinberg problems, what is q? | |
| 279385792 | the frequency of homozygous dominant individuals in a population | In hardy-weinberg problems, what is p2? | |
| 279385793 | the frequency of heterozygous individuals in a population | In hardy-weinberg problems, what is 2pq? | |
| 279385794 | the frequency of homozygous recessive individuals in a population | In hardy-weinberg problems, what is q2? | |
| 279385795 | Sickle-cell anemia and malaria, the heterozygotes get the advantage | Examples where hardy-weinberg principle actually works. | |
| 279385796 | Null hypothesis | The hypothesis that states there is no difference between two or more sets of data. Stating opposite of what you expect to find; example: Hardy-weinberg | |
| 279398067 | evolution | descent with modification (a darwinian view of life); the idea that living species are descendents of ancestral species that were different from the present-day ones; also--the change in the genes of a population from generation to generation; pattern AND process | |
| 279398068 | stratum | a rock layer formed when new layers of sediment cover older ones and compress them; each one contains fossils of organisms that populated Earth when that layer was formed | |
| 279398069 | paleontology | the study of fossils | |
| 279398070 | catatrophism | the principle that events in the past occurred suddenly and were caused by mechanisms different from those operating in the present; certain species would be destroyed and areas would be repopulated by different species (p 454) | |
| 279398071 | uniformitarianism | the principle that mechanisms of change are constant over time (by Hutton and Lyell); geological process are operating today as in the past; earth is >1000+ years old; strongly influenced Darwin's thinking (p 454) | |
| 279398072 | adaptations | inherited characteristics of organisms that enhance their survival and reproduction in specific environments | |
| 279398073 | natural selection | a process in which individuals that have certain inherited traits tend to survive and reproduce at higher rates than other individuals because of those traits | |
| 279398074 | The Origin of Species (by Means of Natural Selection) | Written by Charles Darwin, presented explanation of descent with modification (the combo of genes change from one generation to the next) w/o using 'evolution'; Alfred Wallace had the same idea; history of life is like a tree | |
| 279398075 | artificial selection | the selective breeding of domesticated plants and animals to encourage the occurrence of desirable traits; when humans modify species by selecting and breeding individuals with desired traits | |
| 279398076 | heritable, reproduce, individuals, populations | natural selection only acts on traits that are _____ and affect the ability to survive and _____; in natural selection, ______ do not evolve, only ______ do; | |
| 279398077 | homology | similarity in characteristics resulting from a shared ancestry | |
| 279398078 | homologous structures | structures in different species that are similar because of common ancestry (but not necessarily similar function) | |
| 279398079 | vestigal structures | a feature of an organism that is a historical remnant of a structure that served a function in the organism's ancestors | |
| 279398080 | evolutionary tree | a diagram that reflects evolutionary relationships among groups of organisms (depends on strength of supporting data) (p 464) | |
| 279398081 | convergent evolution | the evolution of similar features in independent (different) evolutionary lineages | |
| 279398082 | analogous features | features in different species that share a similiar function, but not common ancestry | |
| 279398083 | fossils | the remains or traces of organisms from the past; link early extinct species with species living today; ex/ link the evolution of whales (cetaceans) from land mammals - changes in hind limb structure | |
| 279398084 | biogeography | the study of the past and present geographic distribution of species; influenced by many factors, including continental drift | |
| 279398085 | Pangaea | the single large continent that consisted of all of earth's landmasses about 250 mil years ago | |
| 279398087 | endemic | referring to a species that is confined to a specific geographic area (not found anywhere else); these species are usually alike to species on islands with similar environments, can be explained by biogeography | |
| 279398089 | Natural Selection | Differential survival and reproduction due to a changing environment caused by climate change, diseases, toxins, and food source availability | |
| 279398091 | Stabilizing Selection | Natural selection that favors intermediate variants by acting against extreme phenotypes | |
| 279398093 | Directional Selection | occurs when natural selection favors one of the extreme variations of a trait | |
| 279398095 | Dispersive Selection | occurs when natural selection favors both extreme variations of a trait and not the intermediate variants | |
| 279398097 | Bottleneck | Some factor reduces a population to a small number and then the population recovers and expands again, the allele frequencis resembling the survivors | |
| 279398099 | Variation | the factor of evolution affected by mutation (random changes in DNA) and sex (mixing alleles) | |
| 279398101 | Fitness | Survival and reproductive success | |
| 279398103 | Populations | Natural selection acts on individuals (individuals selected) while _________________ evolve | |
| 279398104 | Gene Flow | Movement of individuals and alleles in and out of a population | |
| 279398106 | Non-Random Mating | Sexual selection, Darwin thought equally important as natural selection, ex/ the peacock | |
| 279398108 | Genetic Drift | Effect of chance on a population, greatest influence in small populations, ex/ flipping a coin | |
| 279398110 | Founder Effect | a situation in which allele frequencies change as a result of the migration of a small subgroup of a population, example: the dunkers |
