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| 7846277949 | Mutations | A change in the nucleotide sequence of an organism's DNA, ultimately creating genetic diversity. New genes and new alleles. | 0 | |
| 7846277950 | Point mutation | A change in a single base pair of a DNA sequence in a gene. Can be silent or lead to diseases such as sickle-cell disease. | 1 | |
| 7846277951 | Chromosomal mutation | delete, disrupt, duplicate or rearrange many loci at once. Often, but not always harmful. Duplications can create expanded genome with new genes that may build over generations and take on new functions. | 2 | |
| 7846277952 | Sexual recombination | creates most genetic diversity within a population. | 3 | |
| 7846277953 | Crossing over | Process in which homologous chromosomes exchange portions of their chromatids during prophase I meiosis. | 4 | |
| 7846277954 | Independent assortment | principle that genes do not influence each other's inheritance because they are separated independently during meiosis. 2 to 23rd power different combinations possible in gamete formation | 5 | |
| 7846277955 | Fertilization | Process in sexual reproduction in which male and female reproductive cells join to form a new cell. 2^23 x 2^23 different possible combinations | 6 | |
| 7846277956 | Population genetics | Study of allele frequency distribution and change under the influence of evolutionary processes. | 7 | |
| 7846277957 | Population | A group of individuals of the same species that live in the same area and interbreed, producing fertile offspring. | 8 | |
| 7846277958 | Gene pool | All the genes, including all the different alleles for each gene, that are present in a population at any one time | 9 | |
| 7846277959 | Fixed allele | Occurs when the frequency of an allele reaches 100% , all of the members of the population are homozygous. Only 1 allele exists for a gene and results in less genetic diversity. | 10 | |
| 7846277960 | Hardy-Weinberg principle | used to describe a population that is not evolving. principle that states that allele frequencies in a population remain constant unless one or more factors ( other than mMendelian segregation and the recombination)cause those frequencies to change. | 11 | |
| 7846277961 | Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium | Evolution is not occurring in a population; the rules for this are no mutations, no gene flow, no genetic drift, no natural selection, and only random mating. | 12 | |
| 7846277962 | Hardy-Weinberg equation | p + q = 1, p2 + 2pq + q2 = 1;( 3 alleles :1 = (p + q + r)^2 = p^2 + q^2 + r^2 + 2pq + 2pr + 2qr) p=dominant allele q=recessive allele r(if present)=3rd allele(co-dominant or incomplete) | 13 | |
| 7846277963 | Natural Selection | A process in which individuals that have certain inherited traits tend to survive and reproduce at higher rates than other individuals because of those traits. Environment is agent. | 14 | |
| 7846277964 | Genetic Drift | A change in the allele frequency of a population as a result of chance events rather than natural selection. | 15 | |
| 7846277965 | Founder effect | Genetic drift that occurs when a few individuals become isolated from a larger population and form a new population whose gene pool composition is not reflective of that of the original population. | 16 | |
| 7846277966 | Bottleneck effect | Genetic drift resulting from the reduction of a population, typically by a natural disaster, such that the surviving population is no longer genetically representative of the original population. | 17 | |
| 7846277967 | Gene flow | When a population gains or loses alleles., movement of alleles into or out of a population due to the migration of individuals to or from the population. lots = populations are more similar | 18 | |
| 7846277968 | Relative fitness | The contribution an individual makes to the gene pool of the next generation, relative to the contributions of other individuals in the population. measure only by reproductive success. | 19 | |
| 7846277969 | Directional selection | Form of natural selection in which the entire curve moves; occurs when individuals at one end of a distribution curve have higher fitness than individuals in the middle or at the other end of the curve |  | 20 |
| 7846277970 | Disruptive selection | Natural selection in which individuals on both extremes of a phenotypic range survive or reproduce more successfully than do individuals with intermediate phenotypes. |  | 21 |
| 7846277971 | Stabalizing selection | A natural selection that favors average individuals in a population; results in a decline in population variation |  | 22 |
| 7846277972 | Sexual selection | A form of natural selection in which individuals with certain inherited characteristics are more likely than other individuals to obtain mates. | 23 | |
| 7846277973 | Diploidy | 2N condition maintains and shelters a hidden pool of alleles that may not be suitable for present conditions but that could be advantageous if conditions change | 24 | |
| 7846277974 | Heterozygote advantage | Greater reproductive success of heterozygous individuals compared to homozygotes; tends to preserve variation in gene pools. Ex. sickle-cell and malaria | 25 |
