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| 5114486302 | Speciation | 1) origin of new species 2) focal point of evolutionary theory 3) evolutionary theory must explain how new species originate and how population evolve | 0 | |
| 5114486303 | Microevolution | 1) consists of adaptations that evolve within population, confined to one gene pool 2) observable | 1 | |
| 5114486304 | Macroevolution | 1) evolutionary change ABOVE the species level 2) not directly observed, but inferred | 2 | |
| 5114486305 | A SPECIES is defined by: | morphology, physiology, biochemistry, and DNA sequences when grouping organisms | 3 | |
| 5114486306 | Species | 1) group of populations have potential to interbreed in nature and produce viable, fertile offspring 2) do not breed successfully with other population 3) gene flow bet. populations hold the phenotype of population together | 4 | |
| 5114486307 | Reproductive Isolation | 1) existence of biological factors (barriers) that impede two species from producing viable, fertile offspring 2) classified by whether factors act before or after fertilization | 5 | |
| 5114486308 | Prezygotic Barriers | 1) block fertilization from occurring 2) impede different species from attempting to mate 3) prevent successful completion of mating 4) hindering fertilization if mating is successful | 6 | |
| 5114486309 | Habitat Isolation | two species encounter each other rarely, or not at all, because they occupy different habitats, even though not isolated by physical barriers | 7 | |
| 5114486310 | Temporal Isolation | species that breed at different times of day, different seasons, or different years cannot mix gametes | 8 | |
| 5114486311 | Behavioral Isolation | courtship rituals and other behaviors unique to a species are effective barriers | 9 | |
| 5114486312 | Mechanical Isolation | morphological can prevent successful mating | 10 | |
| 5114486313 | Gametic Isolation | sperm of one species may not be able to fertilize eggs of another species | 11 | |
| 5114486314 | Postzygotic Barriers | prevent hybrid zygote from developing into viable, fertile adult | 12 | |
| 5114486315 | Hybrids | offspring of crosses bet. different species | 13 | |
| 5114486316 | Reduced Hybrid Viability | genes of different parent species may interact and impair the hybrid's development | 14 | |
| 5114486317 | Reduced Hybrid Fertility | even if hybrid are vigorous, they may be sterile | 15 | |
| 5114486318 | Hybrid Breakdown | some first-generation hybrids are fertile, but when they mate with another species or with either parent species, offspring of the next generation are feeble or sterile | 16 | |
| 5114486319 | Biological species concept cannot be applied to ________ or to _________ organisms (including prokaryotes) | fossils; asexual | 17 | |
| 5114486320 | Morphological Species Concept | 1) defines species by structural features 2) applies to sexual and asexual reproduction 3) relies on subjective criteria | 18 | |
| 5114486321 | Ecological Species Concept | 1) views species in terms of its ecological niche 2) applies to sexual and asexual reproduction 3) emphasizes the role of disruptive selection | 19 | |
| 5114486322 | Phylogenic Species Concept | defines species as smallest group individuals on | 20 | |
| 5114486323 | Allopatric Speciation | 1) geographic barriers separate populations 2) interrupts/reduces gene flow 3) definition of "barrier" depends on mobility of a population 4) more geographic barriers= higher number of species 5) reproductive isolation increases with distance bet. populations 6) Intrinsic barriers to reproduction-not biological barrier | 21 | |
| 5114486324 | Sympatric Speciation | take place in geographic overlapping areas | 22 | |
| 5114486325 | Polyploidy | 1) extra sets of chromosomes are present due to accidents during cell division 2) more common in plants than in animals | 23 | |
| 5114486326 | Autopolyploid | individual with more than two chromosome sets, derived from one species | 24 | |
| 5114486327 | Allopolyploid | species with multiple sets of chromosomes derived from different species | 25 | |
| 5114486328 | Habitat Differentiation | appearance of new ecological niches | 26 | |
| 5114486329 | Sexual Selection | choosing mates with different characteristics | 27 | |
| 5114486330 | Hybrid Zones | 1) regions where members of different species mate and produce hybrids 2) occur in single band where two species meet 3) distribution more complex if parent species found in multiple habitats in same region | 28 | |
| 5114486331 | Hybrid | offspring of two different species with often reduced fitness | 29 | |
| 5114486332 | Three Outcomes of Hybrid Zone: | 1) strengthening of reproductive barriers 2) weakening of reproductive barriers 3) no change= continued formation of individuals | 30 | |
| 5114486333 | Reinforcement/Strengthening of Barriers: | 1) occurs when hybrids are less fit than parent species 2) hybridization will decrease 3) more likely to have sympatric speciation | 31 | |
| 5114486334 | Weakening/Fusion of Barriers: | 1) if hybrids are fit, allows for substantial gene flow 2) lead to fusion of species | 32 | |
| 5114486335 | Stability= continued formation of hybrids | 1) More fit: local extinction of parent species within hybrid zone can prevent fusion 2) Less fit: high immigration rates into hybrid zone can prevent increased reproductive isolation | 33 | |
| 5114486336 | Rate of Speciation: | 1) varies widely 2) get broad patterns from fossils record, morphological data, & molecular data | 34 | |
| 5114486337 | Punctuated Equilibrium | 1) Niles Elderedge & Stephen Jay Gould 2) contrasts with the model of gradual change in species' existence 3) suggests that speciation can be rapid 4) Range= 4,000 years to 40,000,000 years; Average= 6,500,000 | 35 | |
| 5114486338 | Fossil record | some examples of species that appear suddenly, remain unchanged for extended periods of time, then suddenly disappear | 36 |
