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AP Biology Chapter 25 Flashcards

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8431821327AnalogySimilarity between two species that is due to convergent evolution rather than to descent from a common ancestor with the same trait0
8431821328BinomialThe two-part latinized name of a species, consisting of genus and specific epithet1
8431821329CladeEach evolutionary branch in a cladogram2
8431821330CladisticsThe analysis of how species may be grouped into clades3
8431821331CladogramA diagram depicting patterns of shared characteristics among species4
8431821332Classthe taxonomic category above order5
8431821333DomainA taxonomic category above the kingdom level. The three domains are Archaea, Bacteria, and Eularya6
8431821334Familythe taxonomic category above genus7
8431821335Fossil RecordsThe chronicle of evolution over millions of years of geologic time engraved in the order in which fossils appear in rock strata8
8431821336GenusA taxonomic category above the species level, designated by the first word of a species' two-part scientific name9
8431821337HomologySimilarity in characteristics resulting from a shared ancestor10
8431821338HomoplasySimilar structure or molecular sequence that has evolved independently in two species11
8431821339In-groupIn a cladistic study of evolutionary relationships among taxa of organisms, the group of taxa that is actually being analyzed12
8431821340KingdomA taxonomic category, the second broadest after domain13
8431821341Maximum likelihoodA principle that states that when considering multiple phylogentic hypotheses, one should take into account the one that reflects the most likely sequence of evolutionary events, given certain rules about how DNA changes over time14
8431821342Maximum parsimonyA principle that states that when considering multiple explanations for an observation, one should first investigate the simplest explanation that is consistent with the facts15
8431821343Molecular clockAn evolutionary timing method based on the observation that at least some regions of genomes evolve at constant rates16
8431821344Molecular systematicsThe comparison of nucleic acids or other molecules in different species to infer relatedness17
8431821345MonophyleticPertaining to a grouping of species consisting of an ancestral species and all of its descendants; a clade18
8431821346Neutral theoryThe hypothesis that much evolutionary change in genes and proteins has no effect on fitness and therefore is not influences by natural selection19
8431821347OrderThe taxonomic category above family20
8431821348Orthologous genesHomologous genes that are passed in a straight line from one generation to the next, but have ended up in different gene pools because of speciation21
8431821349Out-groupA species or group of species that is closely related to the group of species that is closely related to the group of species being studied but clearly not as closely related as any study-group members are to each other22
8431821350Paralogous genesHomologous genes that are found in the same genome due to gene duplication23
8431821351ParaphyleticPertaining to a grouping of species that consists of an ancestral species and some, but not all, of its decendants24
8431821352Phylogenetic treeA branching diagram that represents a hypothesis about evolutionary relationships25
8431821353PhylogenyThe evolutionary history of a species or group of related species26
8431821354PhylogramA phylogenetic tree in which the lengths of the branches reflect the number of genetic changes that have taken place in a particular DNA or RNA sequence in the various lineages27
8431821355Phylumthe taxonomic category above class28
8431821356PolyphyleticPertaining to a grouping of species derived from two or more different ancestral forms29
8431821357Shared derived characterAn evolutionary novelty that evolved within a particular clade30
8431821358Shared primitive characterA character displayed in species outside a particular taxon31
8431821359Specific epithetThe second part of binomial, referring to one species within a genus32
8431821360SystematicsThe analytical study of the diversity and relationships of organisms, both present day and extinct33
8431821361TaxonThe named taxonomic unit at any given level of classification34
8431821362TaxonomyOrdered division of organisms into categories based on a set of characteristics used to assess similarities and differences, leading to a classification scheme; the branch of biology concerned with naming and classifying the diverse forms of life35
8431821363Ultrametric treeA phylogenetic tree in which the lengths of the branches reflect measurements of geologic time36

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