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| 8912002673 | halobacterium | Prokaryotes that thrive in salinities that dehydrate and kill other cells - pump potassium ions into the cells until the ionic concentration inside matches the concentration outside | 0 | |
| 8912002674 | they are able to adapt to a broad range of habitats | Why are prokayotes some of the most abundant organisms on earth? | 1 | |
| 8912002675 | 0.5-5 micrometers | How large is the diameter of the typical prokayote? | 2 | |
| 8912002676 | cell wall | This maintains cell shape, protects the cell, and prevents it from bursting in a hypotonic environment in prokaryotes | 3 | |
| 8912002677 | cocci | Single spherical prokaryotes | 4 | |
| 8912002678 | diplococci | Pairs of spherical prokaryotes | 5 | |
| 8912002679 | streptococci | Chains of spherical prokaryotes | 6 | |
| 8912002680 | staphylococci | Clusters of spherical prokaryotes | 7 | |
| 8912002681 | bacilli | Rod-shaped prokaryotes (the single version is most common) | 8 | |
| 8912002682 | streptobacilli | Chains of rod-shaped prokaryotes | 9 | |
| 8912002683 | spirilla | Spiral prokaryotes that range from comma-like shapes to loose coils |  | 10 |
| 8912002684 | spirochetes | Spiral prokaryotes that are corkscrew-shaped |  | 11 |
| 8912002685 | it causes prokaryotes to lose water (and thus inhibits cell reproduction) | Why can salt be used to preserve foods? | 12 | |
| 8912002686 | peptidoglycan | A polymer composed of modified sugars cross-linked by short polypeptides - found in bacterial cell walls | 13 | |
| 8912002687 | gram stain | A technique where scientists can classify many bacterial species into two groups based on differences in cell wall composition (stain, rinse, and stain determines staining response) | 14 | |
| 8912002688 | gram-positive bacteria | Bacteria that had simpler walls with relatively large amounts of peptidoglycan - traps crystal violet | 15 | |
| 8912002689 | gram-negative bacteria | Bacteria that have less peptidoglycan located between the outer membrane and plasma membrane and are structurally more complex - easily rise out crystal violet | 16 | |
| 8912002690 | gram-negative (lipids in outer layer) | Which type of bacteria, gram-positive or gram-negative, are more likely to be toxic? | 17 | |
| 8912002691 | gram-negative | Which type of bacteria, gram-positive or gram-negative, are more resistant to antibiotics? | 18 | |
| 8912002692 | capsule | A dense and well-defined layer of polysaccharide or protein that surrounds the cell wall of many prokaryotes | 19 | |
| 8912002693 | slime layer | Poorly organized layer of polysaccharide or protein that surrounds the cell wall of many prokaryotes | 20 | |
| 8912002694 | to protect against dehydration or the host's immune system | What is the purpose of a capsule/slime layer? | 21 | |
| 8912002695 | fimbriae | Hairlike appendages that some prokaryotes use to stick to their substrate or one another | 22 | |
| 8912002696 | pili | Appendages that pull two cells together prior to DNA transfer from one cell to the other | 23 | |
| 8912002697 | taxis | A directed movement toward or away from a stimulus | 24 | |
| 8912002698 | chemotaxis | Prokaryotes that change their movement pattern in response to chemicals | 25 | |
| 8912002699 | flagella | What probably evolved independently in bacteria, archaea, and eukaryotes? (because of different proteins and rotational mechanisms) | 26 | |
| 8912002700 | motor, hook, and filament | What are the three main parts of the bacterial flagellum? | 27 | |
| 8912002701 | exaptation | A process in which existing structures take on new functions through descent with modification | 28 | |
| 8912002702 | a circular chromosome with fewer proteins | What is the typical genome of a prokaryote? | 29 | |
| 8912002703 | nucleoid | A region of cytoplasm that appears lighter than the surrounding cytoplasm in electron micrographs where the chromosome is located in prokaryotes | 30 | |
| 8912002704 | plasmids | Smaller rings of independently replicating DNA molecules that usually only carry a few genes | 31 | |
| 8912002705 | binary fission | Reproduction where a single prokaryotic cell divides into 2 cells, which then divide more - many prokaryotes can divide every 1-3 hours | 32 | |
| 8912002706 | they are small, they reproduce by binary fission, and they have short generation times | What are three key features involved with reproduction in prokaryotes? | 33 | |
| 8912002707 | endospores | Cells that lack an essential nutrient produce these - it is a resistant asexual spore that develops inside some bacteria cells (very tough) | 34 | |
| 8912002708 | not in an evolutionary sense | Are prokaryotes inferior to humans? | 35 | |
| 8912002709 | they reproduce so fast that even though new mutations are rare, they occur pretty often | Why is there so much genetic variation when prokaryotes reproduce asexually? | 36 | |
| 8912002710 | genetic recombination | The combining of DNA from two sources | 37 | |
| 8912002711 | horizontal gene transfer | The movement of genes from one organism to another when individuals are members of different species | 38 | |
| 8912002712 | transformation | A process in which the genotype and possibly phenotype are altered by the uptake of foregin DNA | 39 | |
| 8912002713 | recombinant | A cell that contains DNA derived from two different cells | 40 | |
| 8912002714 | transduction | A process in which bacteriophages carry procaryotic genes from one host cell to another | 41 | |
| 8912002715 | conjugation | A process where DNA is transferred between two prokaryotic cells (usually of the same species) that are temporarily joined - always one way | 42 | |
| 8912002716 | F factor | A piece of DNA that controls a bacteria's ability to form pili and donate DNA during conjugation (could be a plasmid or within chromosome) | 43 | |
| 8912002717 | F plasmid | The F factor in its plasmid form | 44 | |
| 8912002718 | F+ cells | What are cells that have the F factor and function as DNA donors during conjugation called? | 45 | |
| 8912002719 | Hfr cell | A cell with the F factor built into its chromosome | 46 | |
| 8912002720 | R plasmids | Plasmids that carry resistance genes (resist antibiotics) | 47 | |
| 8912002721 | phototrophs | Organisms that obtain energy from light | 48 | |
| 8912002722 | chemotrophs | Organisms that obtain energy from chemicals | 49 | |
| 8912002723 | autotrophs | Organisms that need only CO2 in some form as a carbon source | 50 | |
| 8912002724 | heterotrophs | Organisms that need at least one organic nutrient | 51 | |
| 8912002725 | obligate aerobes | Prokaryotes that need O2 for cellular respiration | 52 | |
| 8912002726 | obligate anaerobes | Prokaryotes that are poisoned by O2 | 53 | |
| 8912002727 | anaerobic respiration | A process in which substances other than O2, such as nitrate ions or sulfate ions accept electrons at the "downhill" end of the electron transport chain and extract chemical energy | 54 | |
| 8912002728 | facultative anaerobes | Prokaryotes that us O2 if it is present but also carry out fermentation or anaerobic respiration if needed | 55 | |
| 8912002729 | nitrogen fixation | A process where atmosphereic nitrogen is converted to ammonia | 56 | |
| 8912002730 | heterocysts | A few speciailized cells in a filament that carry out nitrogen fixation | 57 | |
| 8912002731 | biofilms | Surface-coating colonies of different prokaryotic species - allow nutrients to reach cells in the interior and wastes to be expelled | 58 | |
| 8912002732 | extremophiles | Archaea that live in environments so extreme that few other organisms can survive there | 59 | |
| 8912002733 | extreme halophiles | Extremophiles that live in highly saline environments | 60 | |
| 8912002734 | extreme thermophiles | Extremophiles that thrive in very hot environments | 61 | |
| 8912002735 | DNA does not remain in a double helix and proteins denature | Why do the cells of most organisms die at hot temperatures? | 62 | |
| 8912002736 | methanogens | Archaea that release methane as a byproduct of their unique ways of obtaining energy | 63 | |
| 8912002737 | energy and methane waste | What is released when methanogens use CO2 to oxidize H2? | 64 | |
| 8912002738 | proteobacteria | Diverse group of gram-negative bacteria that includes 5 subgroups | 65 | |
| 8912002739 | alpha proteobacteria | A subgroup of proteobacteria that includes bacteria that are closely associated with eukaryotic hosts | 66 | |
| 8912002740 | beta proteobacteria | A subgroup of proteobacteria that is nutrionally diverse and contains soil bacteria | 67 | |
| 8912002741 | epsilon proteobacteria | A subgroup of proteobacteria that is mostly pathogenic to humans and other animals | 68 | |
| 8912002742 | chlamydias | Parasites that can only survive within animal cells, are gram-negative, and cause a lot of common diseases | 69 | |
| 8912002743 | cyanobacteria | Photoautotrophs with plantlike, oxygen-generating photosynthesis | 70 | |
| 8912002744 | decomposers | Chemoheterotrophic prokaryotes that break down dead organisms as well as waste products | 71 | |
| 8912002745 | symbiosis | An ecological relationship in which two species live in close contant with each other | 72 | |
| 8912002746 | mutualism | An ecological interaction between two species in which both benefit | 73 | |
| 8912002747 | commensalism | An ecological relationship in which one species benefits while the other is not harmed or helped in any significant way | 74 | |
| 8912002748 | parasitism | An ecological relationship in which a parasite eats the cell contents, tissues, or body fluids of its hosts (harm but usually don't kill) | 75 | |
| 8912002749 | pathogens | Parasites that cause disease | 76 | |
| 8912002750 | exotoxins | Poisionous proteins secreted by certain bacteria and other organisms | 77 | |
| 8912002751 | endotoxins | Lipopolysaccharide components of the outer membrane of gram-negative bacteria that are released only when the bacteria die and their cell walls break down | 78 | |
| 8912002752 | bioremediation | The use of organisms to remove pollutants from soil, air, or water | 79 |
