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| 5916838857 | Protists | mostly, unicellular, very complex, most nutritionally diverse eukaryotes that are not plants, animals or fungi | 0 | |
| 5916838858 | mixotrophs | combining photosynthesis and heterotrophic nutrition | 1 | |
| 5916838859 | Three groups of protists | Algal protists, ingestive protoxoans, and absorptive fungus like protists | 2 | |
| 5916838860 | secondary endosymbiosis | they were ingested in the food vauole of a heterotrophic eukaryote and became endosymbionts themselves; red/green algae underwent this | 3 | |
| 5916847104 | Excavata (clade) | "excavated" feeding groove on one side of the cell body. excavates include the diplomonads, the parabasalids, and the euglenozoans. mixtotrophs | 4 | |
| 5916838861 | Diplomonads and parabasalids | are found in anaerobic environments. These protists lack plastids and have modified mitochondria. mixotrophs | 5 | |
| 5916838862 | Diplomonads | phyum metamonads ○ Mitosomes (modified mitochondria) lack functional electron transport chains ○ The diplomonads obtain energy from anaerobic biochemical pathways such as glycolysis. Diplomonads have two equal-sized nuclei and multiple flagella. mixotrophs | 6 | |
| 5916838863 | parabasalids | Phylum Metamonada reduced mitochondria called hydrogenosomes that generate energy anaerobically, releasing hydrogen gas as a by-product. include trichomonads, ex- trichomonas vaginalis mixtrophs | 7 | |
| 5916838864 | Phylum Euglenozoa | kinetoplastids and euglenids; distinguished by the presence of a spiral, or crystalline rod inside their flagella mixotrophs | 8 | |
| 5916838865 | Kinetoplastids | belong to euglenozoa; have a single, large mitochondrion that contains and organized mass of DNA called a kintoplast; symbiotic and include pathogenic parasites moist environments | 9 | |
| 5916838866 | Euglenids | belong to euglenozoa; have one to three flagella at their apical (leading)end. no cellulose wall,they have thin, protein strips called pellicles that wrap over their cell membranes. They can become heterotrophic in the absence of light. Some have an eyespot that permits phototaxis, the ability to move in response to light. | 10 | |
| 5916838867 | alveolata | a clade whose members have alveol under the plasma mebrane; include flagellated protists-Dinoflagellates, parasites Apicomplexans and Ciliates | 11 | |
| 5916838868 | alveoli | small membrane-bound cavities | 12 | |
| 5916838869 | Dinoflagellates | species characterized by cells that are reinforced by internal plates of cellulose. Two flagella sit in perpendicular grooves in this "armor" and produce a spinning movement. can cause red tides mixotrophic | 13 | |
| 5916838870 | Apicomplexans | part of alveolata; are parasites of animals; can cause human disease ex-plasmodium (malaria); They are characterized by an apical complex, a complex of organelles located at an end (apex) of the cell. have intricate life cycles with both sexual/asexual stages with spores as method of motility no motility | 14 | |
| 5916838871 | Sporozoites | parasites spread throught heir host as tiny infectious cells | 15 | |
| 5916838872 | Ciliates | part of alveolata, a diverse group of protists named for their use of cilia to move and feed; has two types of nuclei, one large micronuclei (handles day to day functions), and tiny micronuclei (handles reproductions) reproduce asexually by binary fission or by conjugation paramecium | 16 | |
| 5916838873 | apicoplast | a nonphotosynthetic plasmid that carries out vital functions including the synthesis of fatty acids; part of the apicomplexan | 17 | |
| 5916838874 | conjugation | conjugation, a sexual phenomenon in which Paramecia of compatible mating types fuse temporarily and exchange genetic material. During conjugation, the micronuclei of each conjugant divide by meiosis and the haploid gametes pass from one cell to the other. The gametes of each organism then fuse to form diploid micronuclei. The old macronuclei are destroyed, and new ones are developed from the new micronuclei. no tube and differs from bacterial conjugation occurs due to environmental stresses | 18 | |
| 5916838875 | stramenopila | (Stramen, straw; and pilos, hair) a clade that include both hterotrophic and phtosynthetic protists; refers to flagellum with numerous fine, hairlike projections | 19 | |
| 5916838876 | Oomycetes | belong to stramenopila; cellulose walls , The filaments of Oomycota lack septa, Because they lack septa, they are coenocytic, containing many nuclei within a single filament water molds, downy mildews, and whiterusts have multinucleate filaments that resemble fungal hyphae; diploid dominant; flagellate spores, asexual and sexual; no plastids; decomposers; |  | 20 |
| 5916838877 | zoospore | a motile, flagellated spore | 21 | |
| 5916838878 | diatoms | belong to stramenopila; are unicellular algae unique glasslike walls composed of hydrated silica embedded in an organic matrix; | 22 | |
| 5916838879 | Golden Algae (phylum) | Chrysophytes (chrysos, golden) belong to stramenopiles; are named for their yellow and brown carotenoids; cells are biflagellated; most are unicellular; | 23 | |
| 5916838880 | brown algae (phylum) | Phaeophytes (phaios, dusky brown); that largest and most complex protists known, all are multicellular, and most are marine; they owe their color to carotenoids in their plastids; | 24 | |
| 5916838881 | seaweed | largest marine algae, includes brown, red, and green algae; have a complex multicellular anatomy; they are analogous to plants | 25 | |
| 5916838882 | thallus | (thallos, sprout) a seaweed bod that is plantlike but lacks true roots, stems and leaves | 26 | |
| 5916838883 | holdfast | a rootlike structure that anchors a seaweed | 27 | |
| 5916838884 | stipe | a stemlike structure of a seaweed | 28 | |
| 5916838885 | blades | a leafe like structure of a seaweed that provides most of the surface area for phtosynthesis | 29 | |
| 5916838886 | alternation of generations | the alternation of multicellular haploid and diploid forms, had a convergent evolution in the life cycle of plants; some algae still produce like this | 30 | |
| 5916838887 | Sporophyte | diploid individual produces haploid spores (zoospores) by meiosis | 31 | |
| 5916838888 | gametophyte | the haploid individual produces gametes by mitosis that fuse to form a diploid zygote | 32 | |
| 5916838889 | heteromorphic | the sporophyte and gametophyte are structurally different in laminaria | 33 | |
| 5916838890 | isomorphic | which the sporophytes and gametophytes look similar to each other, although they differ in chromosome number, occurs in other algal life cycles | 34 | |
| 5916838891 | Cercozoa | a new clade taht contains the amoebas, and those that belong here are distinguished by their thread like pseudopodia; include the Chloraachniophytes and foraminiferans and related to radiolarians | 35 | |
| 5916838892 | Amoeba | refer to protists that move and feed by means of pseudopodia, not a monophyletic group; | 36 | |
| 5916838893 | pseudopodia | cellular extensions that bulge from the cell surface; when an amoeba moves it extens a pseudopodium and anchors the tip; cytoplasm then streams into the pseudopodium | 37 | |
| 5916838894 | Foraminiferans (phylum) | belong to cercozoa; named for their porous shells or tests; have multichambered tests hardenedwith calcium carbonate; Pseudopodia extend through the pores for swimming, test formation, and feeding. | 38 | |
| 5916838895 | radiolarians (phylum) | part of the cercozoa; mostly marine protists whose silica skeletons are fused into one delicate piece; pseudopodia known as axopodia radiate from the central body and are reinforced by microtubules; after death tests accumulate as an ooze that may be 100's meters thick in some seaflor locations | 39 | |
| 5916838896 | Amoebozoans | many species of amoebas that have lobe-shaped pseudopodia belong to this clade includes gymnamoebas, entamoebas, and slime molds | 40 | |
| 5916838897 | gymnamoebas | a large and varied group of amoeboxoans; | 41 | |
| 5916838898 | entamoebas | belong to amoeboxoans; include free living and parsitic species, | 42 | |
| 5916838899 | Slime molds | mycetoxoans (fungus animals); belong to amoebozoans; one thought to be fungi b/c they produce fruiting bodies that disperse their spore;but not. have diverged into two lineages with distinctive life cycles: plasmodial slie molds and cellular slime molds | 43 | |
| 5916838900 | Plasmodial slime molds | brightly pigmented heterotrophic organisms; not multicellular, but rather a single mass of cytoplasm with multiple diploid nuclei that undergo synchronous mitotic divisions with no cytokinesis , primarily diploid | 44 | |
| 5916838901 | plasmodial slime mold | the feeding stage of an amoeboid mass, with no more resources, stalks bearing spore capsules form. Haploid spores released from the capsule germinate into haploid amoeboid or flagellated cells, which fuse to form a diploid cell. |  | 45 |
| 5916838902 | Cellular slime molds | unicellularity and multicellularity; feeding stage consits of solitary cells that feed and divide mitotically as individuals; When food is scarce, the cells form an aggregate that functions as a unit, though cell remains separated by their membranes; | 46 | |
| 5917081468 | cellular slime mold cycle | when food sources are scarce --->aggregate cells (slug) form stalk with capsule full of spores spores form haploid amoeba protists dominant stage in a cellular slime mold is the haploid stage. Only the zygote is diploid, produces amoebas, not stalk stimulus for aggregation is (cAMP), which is secreted by the amoebas that experience food deprivation first. |  | 47 |
| 5916838903 | red algae | (rhodophytes, rhodos-red) closest relatives of plants; have no flagellated stages in thier life cycle; red due to the pigment phycoerythrin; coloration depends on the depth that they inhabit; most are multicellular; thalli of red algal are filamentous; life cycles are especially diverse; alternation of generations is common | 48 | |
| 5916838904 | green algae | closest relatives of plants; named for their grass-green chloroplasts; divided into two main chropus- Chlorophtes, and charophyceans | 49 | |
| 5916838905 | Chlorophytes | part of green algae; live in fresh water but many are marine inhabitants; some live in damp soil, other on glaciers and snowfields; some live symbiotically with fungi to form lichens | 50 | |
| 5916838906 | Large size and complexity in chlorphytes | has evolved by three different mechanisms; formation of colonies of individual cells; the repeated division of nuclei w/o cytoplasmic division to form multinucleate filaments; the formation of true multicellular forms by ell division and cell differentiation | 51 | |
| 5916838907 | Charophyceans | the other group of green algae is most closely related to land plants | 52 | |
| 5917066890 | Rhizaria | chlorarachniophytes, forams, and radiolarians | 53 |
