for studying. (note, I don't believe these dates are accurate)
Terms : Hide Images
| 359382520 | anterior | Pertaining to the front, or head, of a bilaterally symmetrical animal. | 0 | |
| 359382521 | archenteron | The endoderm-lined cavity, formed during gastrulation, that develops into the digestive tract of an animal. | 1 | |
| 359382522 | arthropod | A segmented ecdysozoan with a hard exoskeleton and jointed appendages. Familiar examples include insects, spiders, millipedes, and crabs. | 2 | |
| 359382523 | bilateral symmetry | Body symmetry in which a central longitudinal plane divides the body into two equal but opposite halves. | 3 | |
| 359382524 | bilaterian | Member of a clade of animals with bilateral symmetry and three germ layers. | 4 | |
| 359382525 | blastopore | In a gastrula, the opening of the archenteronthat typically develops into the anus in deuterostomes and the mouth in protostomes. | 5 | |
| 359382526 | blastula | A hollow ball of cells that marks the end of the cleavage stage during early embryonic development in animals. | 6 | |
| 359382527 | body cavity | A fluid- or air-filled space between the digestive tract and the body wall. | 7 | |
| 359382528 | body plan | In animals, a set of morphological and developmental traits that are integrated into a functional whole—the living animal. | 8 | |
| 359382529 | Cambrian explosion | A relatively brief time in geologic history when large, hard-bodied forms of animals with most of the major body plans known today appeared in the fossil record. This burst of evolutionary change occurred about 535-525 million years ago. | 9 | |
| 359382530 | cell wall | A protective layer external to the plasma membrane in the cells of plants, prokaryotes, fungi, and some protists. Polysaccharides such as cellulose (in plants and some protists), chitin (in fungi), and peptidoglycan (in bacteria) are an important structural component of cell walls. | 10 | |
| 359382531 | cephalization | An evolutionary trend toward the concentration of sensory equipment at the anterior end of the body. | 11 | |
| 359382532 | chordate | Member of the phylum Chordata, animals that at some point during their development have a notochord; a dorsal, hollow nerve cord; pharyngeal slits or clefts; and a muscular, post-anal tail. | 12 | |
| 359382533 | clade | A group of species that includes an ancestral species and all its descendants. | 13 | |
| 359382534 | cleavage | (1) The process of cytokinesis in animal cells, characterized by pinching of the plasma membrane. (2) The succession of rapid cell divisions without significant growth during early embryonic development that converts the zygote to a ball of cells. | 14 | |
| 359382535 | coelom | A body cavity lined by tissue derived only from mesoderm. | 15 | |
| 359382536 | coelomate | An animal that possesses a true coelom (a body cavity lined by tissue completely derived from mesoderm). | 16 | |
| 359382537 | determinate cleavage | A type of embryonic development in *protostomes* that rigidly casts the developmental fate of each embryonic cell very early. | 17 | |
| 359382538 | deuterostome development | In animals, a developmental mode distinguished by the development of the anus from the blastopore; often also characterized by *radial cleavage* and by the body cavity forming as outpockets of mesodermal tissue. | 18 | |
| 359382539 | diploblastic | Having two germ layers. | 19 | |
| 359382540 | ecdysozoan | Member of a group of animal phyla identified as a clade by molecular evidence. Many ecdysozoans are molting animals. | 20 | |
| 359382541 | ectoderm | The outermost of the three primary germ layers in animal embryos; gives rise to the outer covering and, in some phyla, the nervous system, inner ear, and lens of the eye. | 21 | |
| 359382542 | endoderm | The innermost of the three primary germ layers in animal embryos; lines the archenteron and gives rise to the liver, pancreas, lungs, and the lining of the digestive tract in species that have these structures. | 22 | |
| 359382543 | Eukarya | The domain that includes all eukaryotic organisms. | 23 | |
| 359382544 | eumetazoan | Member of a clade of animals with true tissues. All animals except sponges and a few other groups are eumetazoans. | 24 | |
| 359382545 | gastrula | An embryonic stage in animal development encompassing the formation of three layers: ectoderm, mesoderm, and endoderm. | 25 | |
| 359382546 | gastrulation | In animal development, a series of cell and tissue movements in which the blastula-stage embryo folds inward, producing a three-layered embryo, the gastrula. | 26 | |
| 359382547 | grade | A group of organisms that share the same level of organizational complexity or share a key adaptation. | 27 | |
| 359382548 | heterotroph | An organism that obtains organic food molecules by eating other organisms or substances derived from them. | 28 | |
| 359382549 | larva | A free-living, sexually immature form in some animal life cycles that may differ from the adult animal in morphology, nutrition, and habitat. | 29 | |
| 359382550 | lophophore | In some lophotrochozoan animals, including brachiopods, *a crown of ciliated tentacles that surround the mouth and function in feeding.* | 30 | |
| 359382551 | lophotrochozoan | Member of a group of animal phyla identified as a clade by molecular evidence. Lophotrochozoans include organisms that have lophophores or trochophore larvae. | 31 | |
| 359382552 | mesoderm | The middle primary germ layer in an animal embryo; develops into the notochord, the lining of the coelom, muscles, skeleton, gonads, kidneys, and most of the circulatory system in species that have these structures. | 32 | |
| 359382553 | metamorphosis | A developmental transformation that turns an animal larva into either an adult or an adult-like stage that is not yet sexually mature. | 33 | |
| 359382554 | molting | A process in ecdysozoans in which the exoskeleton is shed at intervals, allowing growth by the production of a larger exoskeleton. | 34 | |
| 359382555 | protostome development | In animals, a developmental mode distinguished by the development of the mouth from the blastopore; often also characterized by spiral cleavage and by the body cavity forming when solid masses of mesoderm split. | 35 | |
| 359382556 | pseudocoelomate | An animal whose body cavity is lined by tissue derived from mesoderm and endoderm. | 36 | |
| 359382557 | radial cleavage | A type of embryonic development in deuterostomes in which the planes of cell division that transform the zygote into a ball of cells are either parallel or perpendicular to the vertical axis of the embryo, thereby aligning tiers of cells one above the other. | 37 | |
| 359382558 | spiral cleavage | A type of embryonic development in protostomes in which the planes of cell division that transform the zygote into a ball of cells are diagonal to the vertical axis of the embryo. As a result, the cells of each tier sit in the grooves between cells of adjacent tiers. | 38 | |
| 359382559 | triploblastic | Possessing three germ layers: the endoderm, mesoderm, and ectoderm. Most eumetazoans are triploblastic. | 39 | |
| 359382560 | radial symmetry | Symmetry in which the body is shaped like a pie or barrel (lacking a left side and a right side) and can be divided into mirror-imaged halves by any plane through its central axis. | 40 | |
| 359440706 | Hox genes | What family of control genes plays a major role in animal development? | 41 | |
| 359440707 | (in most animals) zygote> cleavage> blastula> gastrulation> differentiation | Summarize the main steps of animal development. | 42 | |
| 359440708 | Overall, such an imaginary plant would be very similar to an animal that had chloroplasts and retractable roots. | What animal characteristics would be needed by an imaginary plant that could chase, capture, and digest its prey -- yet could also extract nutrients from the soil and conduct photosynthesis | 43 | |
| 359483233 | Neoproterozoic Era | 1 b.y.a. - 542 m.y.a. -first animal fossils 565-550 m.y.a. | 44 | |
| 359483234 | Paleozoic Era | 542-251 m.y.a. -Cambrian Explosion, 535-525 m.y.a. | 45 | |
| 359483235 | Mesozoic Era | 251-65.5 m.y.a. No fundamentally new animal groups, just slow evolution -first mammals though | 46 | |
| 359483236 | Cenozoic Era | 65.5 m.y.a. - Present -At the start, mass terrestrial and aquatic extinctions occurred | 47 | |
| 359496739 | Ediacaran fauna, earliest evidence of terrestrial arthropods, origin of mammals, extinction of nonflying dinosaurs | put the following in chronological order from oldest to most recent: origin of mammals, earliest evidence of terrestrial arthropods, Ediacaran fauna, extinction of large, nonflying dinosaurs | 48 | |
| 359496740 | We cannot infer whether animals originated before or after fungi. If correct the date provided for the most recent common ancestor of fig and animals would indicate that animals originated some time within the last billion years. The fossil record indicates that animals originated at least 565 m.y.a. Thus, we could conclude only that animals originated some time between 565 m.y.a. and 1 b.y.a. | Suppose the most recent common ancestor of fungi and animals lived 1 billion years ago. If the first fungi lived 990 m.y.a., would animals also have been alive at that time? (in the book it adds, "explain.") | 49 | |
| 359496741 | acoelomate, coelomate, pseudocoelomate | three kinds of body cavities of tripoblastic animals (alphabetical) | 50 | |
| 359496742 | grade-level characteristics are those that multiple lineages share regardless of evolutionary history. Some grade-level characteristics may have evolved multiple tome independently. Features that unite clades are derived characteristics that originated in a common ancestor and were passed on to the various descendants. | distinguish the terms grade and clade | 51 | |
| 359496743 | A snail as a spiral and determinate cleavage pattern; a human has radial, indeterminate cleavage. In a snail, the colomic cavity is formed by splitting of mesoderm masses; in a human, the coelom forms from folds of archenteron. In a snail, the mouth forms from the blastopore; in a human, the anus develops from the blastopore. | Compare three aspects of the early development of a snail (a mollusk) and a human (a chordate). | 52 | |
| 359496744 | Most coelomate triploblasts have two opening o their digestive tract, a mouth and an anus. As such, their bodies have a structure that is analogous to that of a doughnut: the digestive tract (the hole of the doughnut) runs from the mouth to the anus and is surrounded by various tissues (the solid part of the doughnut). The doughnut analogy is most obvious at early stages of development (see figure 32.9c). | Evaluate this claim: Ignoring the details of heir specific anatomy, worms, humans, and almost all other triploblasts are basically shaped like a doughnut | 53 | |
| 359496745 | 3 | zoologists currently recognize about __ dozen animal phyla | 54 | |
| 359870294 | Eumetazoa | ____________ is a clade of animals with true tissues | 55 | |
| 359870295 | Bilateria | Most animal phyla belong to the clade ___________ | 56 | |
| 359870296 | Deuterostomia | Chordates and some other phyla belong to the clade _____________. | 57 | |
| 359870297 | Metazoa | Clade that includes all members of the animal kingdom | 58 | |
| 360348343 | spiral; determinate | The zygotes of many protostomes undergo __________ cleavage and _________ cleavage (spiral; determinate or radial; indeterminate) | 59 | |
| 360373942 | determinate | Do protostomes have determinate or indeterminate cleavage? | 60 | |
| 360396388 | 3 | all animals with bilateral symmetry have __ germ layers | 61 |
