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| 4896287116 | isomers | compounds- same molecular formula, different structural formulas | 0 | |
| 4896287117 | structural isomers | differ in arrangement of atoms and often in location of double bonds | 1 | |
| 4896287118 | geometric isomers | same covalent bonds, differ in arrangement around double bond | 2 | |
| 4896287119 | enantiomers | left and right handed (mirror images) of each other | 3 | |
| 4896287120 | macromolecule | large molecule made by joining smaller molecules together | 4 | |
| 4896287121 | polymer | chainlike molecule formed by linking together man similar small molecule (monomers) | 5 | |
| 4896287122 | dehydration synthesis | reaction joining monomers to form polymers or other macromolecules | 6 | |
| 4896287123 | hydrolysis | breaking of bonds between monomers through the addition of water | 7 | |
| 4896287124 | Carbohydrates | -sugars and their polymers -sugars serve as fuel and carbon sources -have general formula of (CH2O)n monosaccharides | 8 | |
| 4896287125 | glucose | CARBOHYDRATES -C6H12O6 -broken down to yield energy in cellular respiration | 9 | |
| 4896287126 | disaccharide | CARBOHYDRATES -two monosaccharides bonded together by a glycosidic linkage (a covalent bond formed a dehydration reaction between two monosaccharides | 10 | |
| 4896287127 | glucose+fructose= | CARBOHYDRATES sucrose (table sugar) | 11 | |
| 4896287128 | glucose+glucose= | CARBOHYDRATES maltose | 12 | |
| 4896287129 | polysaccharides | CARBOHYDRATES -polymers of sugars -have storage and structural roles | 13 | |
| 4896287130 | starch | CARBOHYDRATES -energy storage molecule -polymer made of glucose molecules joined b 1-4 linkages (helical shape) -polymer of a-glucose | 14 | |
| 4896287131 | glycogen | -storage molecule in plants -highly branched polymer of glucose -polymer of a-glucose | 15 | |
| 4896287132 | cellulose | CARBOHYDRATES -major structural component of plant cells (most abundant organic compound on earth) β linkages of cellulose cannot be broken down by the enzymes that digest starch-> very few organisms (some bacteria, microorganisms and fungi) are able to digest cellulose | 16 | |
| 4896287133 | chitin | CARBOHYDRATES -polysaccharides that from glucose monomers with nitrogen-containing group -found in exoskeleton of arthropods and cell walls of many fungi -polymer of b-glucose | 17 | |
| 4896287134 | lipids | -fats, phospholipids, steroids -do not form polymers | 18 | |
| 4896287135 | fats (Triglycerides) | LIPIDS composed of 3 fatty acids attached to a glycerol | 19 | |
| 4896287136 | fatty acid | LIPIDS long hydrocarbon chain with a carboxyl group at end | 20 | |
| 4896287137 | glycerol | LIPIDS 3-carbon alcohol | 21 | |
| 4896287138 | ester linkages | LIPIDS bond between hydroxyl and carboxyl group (links fatty acid to glycerol | 22 | |
| 4896287139 | unsaturated fatty acids | LIPIDS -has c=c bond -kinked/liquid -fats of plants and fishes -more unsaturated, the better -2+ covalent bonds | 23 | |
| 4896287140 | saturated fatty acids | LIPIDS - no c=c bonds -solid -animal fats -cardio diseases -single covalent bond | 24 | |
| 4896287141 | phospholipids | LIPIDS -glycerol linked to two acids and a negatively charged phosphate group -phosphate is hydrophilic, water soluble -fatty acid is hydrophobic - in cell membrane, head face out, tail face in | 25 | |
| 4896287142 | Proteins | -consists of one or more polypeptide chains folded into 3-D, shapes determines functions | 26 | |
| 4896287143 | polypeptide | PROTEINS polymer of amino acids | 27 | |
| 4896287144 | R group | PROTEINS -variable side chain that gives each amino acid its unique physical and chemical properties -hydrophobic interactions, van der Waals interactions, hydrogen bonds and ionic bonds | 28 | |
| 4896287145 | peptide bond | PROTEINS links amino group of one amino acid with the carboxyl group of another formed b dehydration synthesis rxn | 29 | |
| 4896287146 | Four Levels of Protein Structure | PROTEINS -biologists use x-ray crystallography and computer modeling to establish the 3D shapes of protein Primary Structure: sequence of amino acids Secondary structure: coiling or folding of amino acid chain (polypeptide), stabilized by hydrogen bonds between oxygen of one amino acid and hydrogen of another, can be coiled (a helix) or pleated (B pleated helix) Tertiary structure: interactions between R groups produce unique shape for each protein, maintained b disulfide bonds Quaternary structure: proteins are composed of two or more polypeptide chains in precise arrangement. | 30 | |
| 4896287147 | denaturation | PROTEINS -interactions that give proteins their shape can be disrupted by changes in pH, slat concentration, or temperature -causes proteins to lose their shape and function | 31 | |
| 4896287148 | disulfide bridges | PROTEINS covalent bonds between sulfhydryl side groups of cysteine monomers | 32 | |
| 4896287149 | nucleic acids | macromolecules that carry and transmit the genetic code | 33 | |
| 4896287150 | DNA | NUCLEIC ACIDS -deoxyribonucleic acid: the genetic material that is inherited from one generation to the next, deoxyribose sugar | 34 | |
| 4896287151 | RNA | NUCLEIC ACIDS -ribonucleic acid, transcribes genetic information from the DA and directs the synthesis of proteins, ribose sugar | 35 | |
| 4896287152 | nucleotide | NUCLEIC ACIDS -building blocks of nucleic acids- consists of a 5-carbon sugar, phosphate group and a nitrogen base -pyrimidine: nitrogenous bases consisting of single ring, cytosine (C) both DNA RNA, thymine (T) DNA and uracil (U) RNA -purine: nitrogenous base consisting of two rings, adenine (A) and guanine (G) | 36 | |
| 4896287153 | monomers or components | sugars: monosaccharides lipids: fatty acids proteins: amino acids nucleic acids: nucleotides | 37 | |
| 4896287154 | polymer or large molecule | sugars: polysaccharides lipids: triacylglycerols proteins: polypeptides nucleic acids: polynucleotides | 38 | |
| 4896287155 | type of linkage | sugar: glycosidic linkages lipids: ester linkages proteins: peptide bonds nucleic acids: phosphodiester linkages | 39 | |
| 4896287156 | Which type of molecule includes an example with a long-chain carbon backbone? | lipid | 40 | |
| 4896287157 | What is the dominant element attached to the carbon backbone? | hydrogen | 41 | |
| 4896287158 | Which molecule have a central carbon atom with 4 different components around it? | amino acids | 42 | |
| 4896287159 | Which molecule have a sugar, nitrogenous base and phosphate group? | nucleic acid | 43 | |
| 4896287160 | What three structural groups shown do all amino acids have in common? | amine, carboxyl and R group with hydrogen | 44 | |
| 4896287161 | Functions of 4 biological macromolecules | carbohydrates: energy storage, receptors, structure of plant cell wall, cellulose, glucose, deoxyribose, methionine proteins: enzymes, structure, receptors, transport lipids: membrane structure, energy storage, insulation, enzymes, chemical signaling(hormones) nucleic acids: information storage and transfer | 45 | |
| 4896287162 | Chemical properties of hydrocarbons | -composed of only carbon and hydrogen, -contains a large amount of stored energy, -may have linear, branched or ring structures, insoluble in water | 46 | |
| 4896287163 | the number of covalent bonds formed by an atom of carbon is determined by | the number of electrons in its outermost electron shell | 47 | |
| 4896287164 | Proteins are able to perform man diverse biological functions because | the are polymers formed from chemically diverse subunits which can fold into many different shapes | 48 | |
| 4896287165 | The sugar subunits in the DNA backbone are joined by what type of bonds? | phosphodiester bonds | 49 | |
| 4896287166 | salt and vinegar preserve our food by | high heat, low pH, and high salt concentrations | 50 | |
| 4896287167 | DNA is a good for storage of energy because... | Ladder structure holds same info, so if some get damaged, it can be recovered | 51 | |
| 4896287168 | Advantage of fat | -dense, doesn't take up a lot of room -reserved for future use -doesn't weight as much | 52 | |
| 4896287169 | Carboxylic acid group |  | 53 | |
| 4896287170 | amine group |  | 54 | |
| 4896287171 | phosphate group |  | 55 | |
| 4896287172 | sugar group |  | 56 | |
| 4896287173 | nitrogen base |  | 57 | |
| 4896287174 | starch in a chloroplast |  | 58 | |
| 4896287175 | starch |  | 59 | |
| 4896287176 | monosaccharide |  | 60 | |
| 4896287177 | nucleotide |  | 61 | |
| 4896287178 | intermediate filament |  | 62 | |
| 4896287179 | polypeptide |  | 63 | |
| 4896287180 | amino acid |  | 64 | |
| 4896287181 | adipose cell with fat droplets |  | 65 | |
| 4896287182 | triglyceride |  | 66 | |
| 4896287183 | fatty acid |  | 67 | |
| 4896287184 | dehydration reaction |  | 68 | |
| 4896287185 | hydrolysis reaction |  | 69 | |
| 4896287186 | glucose |  | 70 | |
| 4896287187 | sucrose |  | 71 | |
| 4896287188 | maltose |  | 72 | |
| 4896287189 | phosphodiester bonds |  | 73 | |
| 4896287190 | dipeptide |  | 74 | |
| 4896287191 | how do one make a polypeptide? | with two amino acid group | 75 | |
| 4896287192 | glucose+fructose= | lactose (sugar in milk) | 76 | |
| 4896287193 | fatty acid | -hydrocarbons with carbonyl group at the end of the chain | 77 | |
| 4896287194 | monounsaturated fatty acid fat | -one double covalent bond | 78 | |
| 4896287195 | phospholipids |  | 79 | |
| 4896287196 | steroids | backbone of four linked carbon rings | 80 | |
| 4896287197 | steroids |  | 81 | |
| 4896287198 | nitrogen bases | adenine-thymine cytosine-guanine | 82 |
