AP Biology Mader 11th ed. Chapter 3
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| 4786317629 | ADP (adenosine diphosphate): | nucleotide with two phosphate groups that can accept another phosphate group and become ATP 56 | 0 | |
| 4786317630 | Amino acid: | organic molecule composed of an amino group and an acid group; covalently bonds to produce peptide molecules. 50 | 1 | |
| 4786317631 | ATP (adenosine triphosphate): | nucleotide with three phosphate groups. The breakdown of ATP into ADP + P makes energy available for energy-requiring processes in cells. 55 | 2 | |
| 4786317632 | Biomolecule: | organic molecules such as proteins, nucleic acids, carbohydrates, and fats. 38 | 3 | |
| 4786317633 | Carbohydrate: | class of organic compounds that typically contain carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen in a 1:2:1 ratio; includes the monosaccharides, disaccharides, and polysaccharides. 41 | 4 | |
| 4786317634 | Cellulose: | a polysaccharide that is the major complex carbohydrate in plant cell walls, and chitin. 44 | 5 | |
| 4786317635 | Chaperone protein: | molecule that directs the folding of polypeptides. 53 | 6 | |
| 4786317636 | Chitin: | strong but flexible nitrogenous polysaccharides found in the exoskeleton of arthropods and in the cell walls of fungi 44 | 7 | |
| 4786317637 | Coenzyme: | non-protein organic molecule that aides the action of the enzymes to which it is loosely bound. 54 | 8 | |
| 4786317638 | Complementary base pairing: | hydrogen bonding between particular purines and pyrimidines; responsible for the structure of DNA, and some RNA, molecules. 55 | 9 | |
| 4786317639 | Dehydration reaction: | chemical reaction in which a water molecule is released during the formation of a covalent bond. 40 | 10 | |
| 4786317640 | Denatured: | loss of protein's or enzyme's normal shape so that it no longer functions; usually caused by a less than optimal pH and temperature. 53 | 11 | |
| 4786317641 | Deoxyribose: | pentose sugar found in DNA 42 | 12 | |
| 4786317642 | Disaccharide: | sugar that contains two monosaccharide units; e.g. maltose 42 | 13 | |
| 4786317643 | DNA (deoxyribonucleic acid) | nucleic acid polymer produced from covalent bonding of nucleotide monomers that contain the sugar deoxyribose; the genetic material of nearly all organisms 54 | 14 | |
| 4786317644 | Enzyme: | organic catalyst, usually a protein, that speeds a reaction in cells due to its particular shape 41 | 15 | |
| 4786317645 | Fat: | organic molecule that contains glycerol and three fatty acids; energy storage molecule 46 | 16 | |
| 4786317646 | Fatty acid: | molecule that contains a hydrocarbon chain and ends with an acid group 46 | 17 | |
| 4786317647 | Fibrous protein: | a protein that has only a secondary structure; generally insoluble; includes collagens, elastins, and keratins 51 | 18 | |
| 4786317648 | Functional group: | specific cluster of atoms attached to the carbon skeleton of organic molecules that enters into reactions and behaves in a predictable way 39 | 19 | |
| 4786317649 | Globular protein: | most of the proteins in the body; soluble in water or salt solution; includes albumins, globulins, histones 52 | 20 | |
| 4786317650 | Glucose: | six-carbon monosaccharide; used as an energy source during cellular respiration and as a monomer of the structural polysaccharides. 42 | 21 | |
| 4786317651 | Glycerol: | three-carbon carbohydrate with three hydroxyl groups attached; a component of fats and oils 46 | 22 | |
| 4786317652 | Glycogen: | storage polysaccharide found in animals; composed of glucose molecules joined in a linear fashion but having numerous branches 43 | 23 | |
| 4786317653 | Hemoglobin (Hb): | iron-containing respiratory pigment occurring in vertebrate red blood cells and in the blood plasma of some invertebrates 49 | 24 | |
| 4786317654 | Hexose: | any monosaccharide that contains six carbons; examples are glucose and galactose 42 | 25 | |
| 4786317655 | Hydrolysis reaction: | splitting of a chemical bond by the addition of water, with the H+ going to one molecule and the OH- going to the other. 41 | 26 | |
| 4786317656 | Hydrophilic: | type of molecule, often polar, that interacts with water by dissolving in water and/or by forming hydrogen bonds with water molecules. "Water loving" 40 | 27 | |
| 4786317657 | Hydrophobic: | type of molecule, that is typically nonpolar, and therefore does not interact easily with water. "afraid of water" 40 | 28 | |
| 4786317658 | Inorganic chemistry: | branch of science that studies the chemical reactions and properties of all of the elements, except hydrogen and carbon 39 | 29 | |
| 4786317659 | Isomer: | molecules with the same molecular formula but different structure, and therefore a different shape. 40 | 30 | |
| 4786317660 | Lipid: | class of organic compounds that tends to be soluble in nonpolar solvents; includes fats and oils 45 | 31 | |
| 4786317661 | Monomer: | small molecule that is a subunit of a polymer -e.g., glucose is a monomer of starch 40 | 32 | |
| 4786317662 | Monosaccharide: | simple sugar; a carbohydrate that cannot be broken down by hydrolysis ---e.g., glucose; also any monomer of the polysaccharides 42 | 33 | |
| 4786317663 | Nucleic acid: | polymer of nucleotides; both DNA and RNA are nucleic acids 54 | 34 | |
| 4786317664 | Nucleotide: | monomer of DNA and RNA consisting of a sugar, a nitrogenous base and a phosphate group 54 | 35 | |
| 4786317665 | Oil: | triglyceride, usually of plant origin, that is composed of glycerol and three fatty acids and is liquid in consistency due to many unsaturated bonds in the hydrocarbon chains of the fatty acids. 46 | 36 | |
| 4786317666 | Organic chemistry: | branch of science that deals with organic molecules including those that are unique to living things 38 | 37 | |
| 4786317667 | Organic molecule: | molecule that always contains carbon and hydrogen, and often contains oxygen as well; organic molecules are associated with living things. 38 | 38 | |
| 4786317668 | Pentose: | five-carbon monosaccharide. Examples are deoxyribose found in DNA and ribose found in RNA. 42 | 39 | |
| 4786317669 | Peptide: | two or more amino acids joined together by covalent bonding 50 | 40 | |
| 4786317670 | Peptide bond: | type of covalent bond that joins two amino acids 50 | 41 | |
| 4786317671 | Peptidoglycan: | polysaccharide that contains short chains of amino acids; foundin bacterial cell walls 44 | 42 | |
| 4786317672 | Phospholipid: | molecule that forms the bilayer of the cell's membranes; has a polar, hydrophilic head bonded to two nonpolar, hydrophobic tails. 46 | 43 | |
| 4786317673 | Polymer: | macromolecule consisting of a covalently bonded monomers; for example, a polypeptide is a polymer of monomers called amino acids. 40 | 44 | |
| 4786317674 | Polypeptide: | polymer of many amino acids linked by peptide bonds. 50 | 45 | |
| 4786317675 | Polysaccharide: | polymer made from carbohydrate monomers; the polysaccharides starch and glycogen are polymers of glucose monomers 41 | 46 | |
| 4786317676 | Prion: | infectious particle consisting of protein only and no nucleic acid 53 | 47 | |
| 4786317677 | Protein: | polymer of amino acids; often consisting of one or more polypeptides and having a complex three dimensional shape 49 | 48 | |
| 4786317678 | Ribose: | pentose sugar found in RNA 42 | 49 | |
| 4786317679 | RNA (ribonucleic acid): | nucleic acid produced from covalent bonding of nucleotide monomers that contain the sugar ribose; occurs in many forms, including: messenger RNA, ribosomal RNA, and transfer RNA 54 | 50 | |
| 4786317680 | Saturated fatty acid: | fatty acid molecule that lacks double bonds between the carbons of its hydrocarbon chain. Th chain bears the maximum number of hydrogens possible. 46 | 51 | |
| 4786317681 | Starch: | storage polysaccharide found in plants that is composed of glucose molecules joined in a linear fashion with a few side chains 43 | 52 | |
| 4786317682 | Steroid: | type of lipid molecule having a complex of four carbon rings -e.g., cholesterol, estrogen, progesterone, and testosterone. 46 | 53 | |
| 4786317683 | Trans-fat: | unsaturated fatty acid chains in which the configuration of the carbon-carbon double bonds is such that the hydrogen atoms are across from each other, as opposed to being on the same side (cis) 45 | 54 | |
| 4786317684 | Triglyceride: | neutral fat composed of glycerol and three fatty acids; typically involved in energy storage 46 | 55 | |
| 4786317685 | Unsaturated fatty acid: | fatty acid molecule that contains double bonds between some carbons of its hydrocarbon chain; thus contains fewer hydrogens than a saturated hydrocarbon chain 46 | 56 | |
| 4786317686 | Wax: | sticky, solid, water-repellent lipid consisting of many long-chain fatty acids usually linked to long-chain alcohols 48 | 57 |
